Introduction to Philosophy

*=NEW TO THIS EDITION; Preface to the Fourth Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Introduction: On the Study of Philosophy; PART I: PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE; Bertrand Russell, The Value of Philosophy; J. J. C. Smart, The Province of Philosophy; Thomas Nagel, The Absurd; Plato, Apology: Defence of Socrates; * Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus; * Richard Taylor, The Meaning of Human Existence; * Susan Wolf, The Meanings of Lives; PART II: GOD AND EVIL; Introduction; A. WHY BELIEVE?; Saint Anselm, The Ontological Argument; Saint Thomas Aquinas, The Existence of God; Blaise Pascal, The Wager; Bertrand Russell, Why I Am Not a Theist; B. THE PROBLEM OF EVIL; David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion; Gottfried Leibniz, God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds; * William Paley, Natural Theology; * John Perry, Dialogue on Good, Evil, and the Existence of God; PART III: KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY; Introduction; * A. PLATO AND THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE; * Plato, Thaetetus; * Edmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?; B. DESCARTES AND THE PROBLEMS OF SKEPTICISM; Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy; * Christopher Grau, Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix; * Robert Nozick, Excerpt from Philosophical Explanations; C. HUME'S PROBLEMS AND SOME SOLUTIONS; David Hume, Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses; David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding; W. C. Salmon, The Problem of Induction; PART IV: MINDS, BODIES, AND PERSONS; Introduction; A. THE TRADITIONAL PROBLEM OF MIND AND BODY; Bertrand Russell, The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds; Gilbert Ryle, Descartes's Myth; David M. Armstrong, The Nature of Mind; David Lewis, Mad Pain and Martian Pain; Daniel Dennett, Intentional Systems; Paul M. Churchland, Eliminative Materialism; B. MINDS, BRAINS, AND MACHINES; Hilary Putnam, Turing Machines; A. M. Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence; John R. Searle, Minds, Brains, and Programs; C. CONSCIOUSNESS; Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat?; Frank Jackson, What Mary Didn't Know; David Lewis, Knowing What It's Like; D. PERSONAL IDENTITY; John Perry, A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality; * Bernard Williams, The Self and the Future; * Derek Parfit, Personal Identity; * Daniel Dennett, Where Am I?; E. FREEDOM, DETERMINISM, AND RESPONSIBILITY; * Roderick M. Chisholm, Human Freedom and the Self; * Peter Van Inwagen, The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will; David Hume, Of Liberty and Necessity; Richard Taylor, Freedom and Determinism; * Harry G. Frankfurt, Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility; Harry G. Frankfurt, Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person; PART V: ETHICS AND SOCIETY; Introduction; A. UTILITARIANISM; Jeremy Bentham, The Principle of Utility; John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism; E. F. Carritt, Criticisms of Utilitarianism; J. J. C. Smart, Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism; Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism and Integrity; Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence, and Morality; B. KANTIAN ETHICS; Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals; Onora O'Neill, Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems; Thomas Nagel, War and Massacre; C. ARISTOTELIAN ETHICS; Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics; Thomas Nagel, Aristotle on Eudaimonia; Rosalind Hursthouse, Virtue Theory and Abortion; D. JUSTICE AND EQUALITY; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice; Robert Nozick, Justice and Entitlement; G. A. Cohen, Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice; John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women; Debra Satz, Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor; Kwame Anthony Appiah, Racisms; E. CHALLENGES TO MORALITY; 1. MORALITY AND SELF-INTEREST; Plato, The Republic; David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals; David Gauthier, Morality and Advantage; J. L. Mackie, The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution; 2. SUBJECTIVISM, RELATIVISM, AND SKEPTICISM; J. L. Mackie, The Subjectivity of Values; Gilbert Harman, Ethics and Observation; Nicholas L. Sturgeon, Moral Explanations; PART VI: PUZZLES AND PARADOXES; Introduction; A. ZENO'S PARADOXES; Achilles and the Tortoise; The Racecourse; The Argument Against Plurality; B. METAPHYSICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL PUZZLES AND PARADOXES; The Paradox of Identity; The Paradox of the Heap; The Surprise Examination; Goodman's New Riddle of Induction; C. PUZZLES OF RATIONAL CHOICE; The Prisoner's Dilemma; Newcomb's Problem; Kavka's Toxin Puzzle; Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer; D. PARADOXES OF LOGIC, SET THEORY, AND SEMANTICS; The Paradox of the Liar; Other Versions of the Liar; Russell's Paradox; Grelling's Paradox; * E. PUZZLES OF ETHICS; * The Trolley Problem; * Ducking Harm and Sacrificing Others; Glossary of Philosophical Terms