Introduction to Philosophy

New Preface; Second Preface; First Preface; INTRODUCTION: ON THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY; PART I: PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE; Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy; J.J. C. Smart: The Providence of Philosophy; Thomas Nagel: The Absurd; Plato: Apology; PART II: GOD AND EVIL; Introduction; A. Why Believe?; Saint Anselm: The Ontological Argument; Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Existence of God; Blase Pascal: The Wager; Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Theist; B. The Problem of Evil; David Hume: Dialogues; Gotfried Leibniz: God, Evil, and the Best of All Possible Worlds; Nelson Pike: Hume on Evil; J.L. Mackie: Evil and Omnipotence; PART III: KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY; Introduction; A. Classics of Epistemology; Rene Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy; John Locke: Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas of Sensation; George Berkeley: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous; David Hume: Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses; David Hume: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding; B. Perception; A.J. Ayer: The Argument from Illusion; J.L. Austin: The Argument from Illusion; C. Induction, Causation, and Scientific Explanation; W.C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction; G.E.M. Anscombe: Causality and Determination; Carl G. Hempel: Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation; Paul Feyerabend: How to Defen Society Against Science; Elizabeth Anderson: Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology; PART IV: MINDS, BODIES, AND PERSONS; Introduction; A. The Traditonal Problem of Mind and Body; Bertrand Russell: The Argumetn from Analogy for Other Minds; Gilbert Ryle: Descartes' Myth; David Armstrong: The Nature of Mind; David Lewis: Mad Pain and Martian Pain; Paul Churchland: Eliminative Materialism; B. Minds, Brains, and Machines; Hilary Putnam: Turing Machines; Alan Turing: Computing Machinery and Intelligence; John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Programs; C. Consciousness; Thomas Nagel: What is it Like to be a Bat?; Frank Jackson: What Mary Didn't Know; David Lewis: Knowing What It's Like; D. Personal Identity and Immortality; John Perry: Dialogue Concerning Personal Identity and Immortality; E. Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility; C.A. Campbell: Has the Self 'Free Will'?; David Hume: Of Liberty and Necessity; Richard Taylor: Freedom and Determinism; Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of Will and the Concept of Person; Peter Strawson: Freedom and Resentment; PART V: ETHICS AND SOCIETY; Introduction; A. Utilitarianism; Jeremy Bentham: Principle of Utility; John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism; E.F. Caritt: Criticisms of Utilitarianism; Bernard Williams: Utilitariansim and Integrity; Pete Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality; B. Kantian Ethics; Immanuel Kent: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals; Onora O'Neill: Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems; Thomas Nagel: War and Massacre; C. Aristotelian Ethics; Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics; Thomas Nagel: Aristotle on Eudaimonia; Rosalind Hutchinson: Virtue Theory and Abortion; D. Justice and Equality; John Rawls: A Theory of Justice; Robert Nozick: Justice and Entitlement; G.A. Cohen: Where the Action is: On the Side of Distributive Justice; Samuel Scheffler: Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes and Liberalism; John Stuart Mill: The Subject of WOmen; Debra Satz: Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor; Kwame Anthony Appiah: Racisms; E. Challenger to Morality; 1. Morality and Self-Interest; Plato: The Republic; David Hume; Enquiry Concerning Principles of Morals; David Gauthier: Morality and Advantage; J.L. Mackie: The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and the Principles of Evolution; 2. Subjectivism: Relativism, and Skepticism; J.L. Mackie: The Subjectivity of Values; Gilbert Harman: Ethics and Observation; Nicholas L. Sturgeon: Moral Explanations; PART VI: PUZZLES AND PARADOXES; A. Zeno's Paradox; Achilles and the Tortoise; The Racehorse; The Argument Against Plurality; B. Puzzles and Paradoxes from Metaphysics and Epistemology; The Paradox of Identity; The Paradox of the Heap; The Surprise Examination; Goodman's New Riddle of Induction; C. Problems of Rational Decision; The Prisoner's Dilemna; Newcomb's Problem; Kavka's Toxin Puzzle; Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer; D. Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics; The Paradox of the Liar; Other Versions of the Liar; Russell's Paradox; Grelling's Paradox; Glossary of Philosophical Terms