Human Motor Development

Preface PART I. AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Introduction to Motor Development/Motor Behavior / Motor Development / The History of the Field of Motor Development / Current Trends in Motor Development / An Interdisciplinary Approach to Motor Development / Designing Research in Motor Development: Cross Sectional, Longitudinal, or ...? / The Domains of Human Development / The Importance of Motor Development / Development, Maturation, and Growth / General Motor Development Terms / Gross Movement and Fine Movement / The Process-Product Controversy / Terms for Age Periods Throughout the Lifespan / Stages of Development / 2. Cognitive and Motor Development / The Term Psychomotor or Motor? / Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development / Infancy: the Sensorimotor Stage and Motor Development / Childhood: Preoperations and Motor Development / Later Childhood and Adolescence: Cognitive and Motor Development / Adulthood: Postformal Operations / Adulthood: General Theories of Intellectual Development / Knowledge Development and Sport Performance / 3. Social and Motor Development / Socialization / Self-Esteem Development and Physical Activity / Social Influences During Infancy / Social Influences During Childhood / Social Influences During Older Childhood and Adolescence / Social Factors of Adulthood / The Exercise-Aging Cycle / Avoiding the Exercise-Aging Cycle / 4. Perceptual-Motor Development / What is Perceptual-Motor Development? / Balance / Spatial Awareness / Temporal Awareness / Body and Directional Awareness / Perceptual-Motor Theories: Kephart and Delacato / Researching the Effectiveness of Perceptual-Motor Programs PART II. FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT 5. Prenatal Development Concerns / Drugs and Medications / Maternal Diseases / Genetic Factors / Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures / Maternal Nutrition / Birth Weight / Exercise During Pregnancy 6. Effects of Early Stimulation and Deprivation / Effects of Early Stimulation / Programs to Enhance Early Motor Development / Johnny and Jimmy / Effects of Early Deprivation / Concepts Concerning Stimulation and Deprivation PART III. PHYSICAL CHANGES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 7. Growth and Maturation / Measuring Growth in Length and Stature / Growth in Length and Stature / Measuring Body Weight / Growth in Body Weight / Combining Body Weight and Height: Body Mass Index / Stature and Weight: Interrelationship with Motor Development and Performance / Adolescent Awkwardness / Measuring Changes in Body Proportions / Changes in Body Proportions / Body Proportions: Interrelationship with Motor Performance / Measuring Skeletal Health / Skeletal Development / Exercise, Skeletal Development, and Health / Maturation and Developmental Age / Maturation: Interrelationship with Motor Performance / 8. Physiological Changes: Health-Related Physical Fitness / Cardiovascular Fitness / Muscular Strength / Flexibility / Body Composition / Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness / Factors Associated with Physiological Fitness in Children and Adolescents / Points of Controversy and Concern / 9.Movement and the Changing Senses / Understanding the Mechanics of Vision / Physical Development of the Eye / Development of Selected Visual Traits and Skilled Motor Performance / Motor Development of Blind Children / The Nonvisual Senses PART IV. MOVEMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN 10. Infant Reflexes and Stereotypes / Importance of the Infant Reflexes / Pinpointing the Number of Infant Reflexes / Primitive Reflexes / Postural Reflexes / Stereotypes / 11. Voluntary Movements of Infancy / Categorizing the Voluntary Movements of Infancy / Head Control / Body Control / Prone Locomotion / Upright Locomotion / Reaching, Grasping, and Releasing / 12. Fine Motor Development / Assessing Fine Movement / Categorizing Manipulation / The Development of Prehension / An Alternate View of the Development of Prehension / Exploratory Procedures and Haptic Perception / Holding a Writing Implement / Cross-Cultural Comparison of Development of the Dynamic Tripod / The Dynamic Tripod from 6 to 14 Years / Drawing and Writing: Movement Products / Finger Tapping / Fine Motor Slowing in Late Adulthood / 13. Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood / Walking / Running / Jumping / Combining Fundamental Movements: The Gallop, Slide, and Skip / 14. Fundamental Object-Control Skills of Childhood / Overarm Throwing / Catching / Striking / 15. Youth Sports / Where Children Participate in Sports / Why Children Participate in Sports / Participation: Competence Motivation Theory / Why Children Drop Out of Sports / Sport Participation: Controversies / Youth Sport Coaching / Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence / Rights of Young Athletes / Youth Sports: Entering the 21st Century / 16. Movement in Adulthood / Balance and Postural Sway / Falls / Walking Patterns of Adulthood / Driving and Older Age / Adult Performance on Selected Motor Activities / Activities of Daily Living / Age of Peak Proficiency / Adult Performance During High Arousal / Movement Speed in Adulthood / Is a Movement Decline Inevitable with Age? / Teaching Movement Skill to the Older Adult / The World Health Organization Heidelberg Guidelines PART V. ASSESSING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTING A PROGRAM 17. Assessment / Guidelines for Assessment / Types of Assessment Instruments / Product- versus Process-Oriented Assessment: A Comparative Example / Selected Norm-Referenced Instruments / Selected Process-Oriented Assessment Instruments / Assessing the Disabled / Aids in Assessing Motor Skills / Assessing Physical Fitness / 18. Planning and Conducting Developmental Movement Programs / Preprogram Considerations / Administrative Considerations / Curricular Considerations Each chapter ends with: Summary; Key Terms; Questions for Reflection; Internet Resources; References Appendix A: Growth Charts: National Center for Health Statistics Appendix B: Body Mass Index Table Author Index / Subject Index