Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies

Preface xvii Contributors xxi 1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1 Jianlong Wang 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2 1.3 Classification of Microorganisms, 4 1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 8 1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass, 21 1.6 Microbial Nutrition, 24 1.7 Microbial Metabolism, 31 1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 42 1.9 Activated Sludge Process, 59 1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes, 69 1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal, 74 References, 79 2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction 81 Mathieu Spe´randio, Etienne Paul, Yolaine Bessie`re, and Yu Liu 2.1 Introduction, 81 2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin, 82 2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production, 88 2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production, 99 2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction, 106 2.6 Conclusions, 111 2.7 Nomenclature, 112 References, 114 3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge 117 Etienne Paul, Xavier Lefebvre, Mathieu Sperandio, Dominique Lefebvre, and Yu Liu 3.1 Introduction, 117 3.2 Definitions, 119 3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation, 120 3.4 Physical Fractionation, 123 3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization, 124 3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation, 131 3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge, 143 3.8 Nomenclature, 147 References, 149 4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay 155 Qingliang Zhao and Jianfang Wang 4.1 Introduction, 155 4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process, 156 4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System, 158 4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System, 161 4.5 Performance of an OSA System, 162 4.6 Important Influence Factors, 164 4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process, 166 4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System, 171 4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation, 174 4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process, 175 4.11 Process Development, 176 References, 179 5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons 183 Bo Jiang, Yu Liu, and Etienne Paul 5.1 Introduction, 183 5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis, 184 5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis, 187 5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction, 189 5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production, 200 5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers, 202 5.7 Full-Scale Application, 204 References, 204 6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action 209 Etienne Paul, Qi-Shan Liu, and Yu Liu 6.1 Introduction, 209 6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone, 210 6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation, 216 6.4 Cost Assessment, 221 6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge, 222 6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect, 233 6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation, 236 6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 236 6.9 Nomenclature, 242 References, 244 7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction 249 Zhi-Wu Wang 7.1 Introduction, 249 7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production, 251 7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production, 255 References, 256 8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes 261 Philip Chuen-Yung Wong 8.1 Introduction, 261 8.2 Mass Balances, 262 8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth, 266 8.4 Predation, 283 8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks, 285 References, 286 9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery 291 Shi-Jie You, Nan-Qi Ren, and Qing-Liang Zhao 9.1 Introduction, 291 9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs, 293 9.3 Performance of Anodes, 295 9.4 Cathode Performances, 299 9.5 Separator, 306 9.6 pH Gradient and Buffer, 307 9.7 Applications of MFC-Based Technology, 309 9.8 Conclusions and Remarks, 314 References, 315 10 Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 319 Kuan-Yeow Show, Duu-Jong Lee, and Joo-Hwa Tay 10.1 Introduction, 319 10.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion, 320 10.3 Environmental Requirements and Control, 324 10.4 Design Considerations for Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 329 10.5 Component Design of Anaerobic Digester Systems, 331 10.6 Reactor Configurations, 336 10.7 Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 343 10.8 Summary and New Horizons, 344 References, 345 11 Mechanical Pretreatment-Assisted Biological Processes 349 He´le`ne Carre`re, Damien J. Batstone, and Etienne Paul 11.1 Introduction, 349 11.2 Mechanisms of Mechanical Pretreatment, 350 11.3 Impacts of Treatment: Rate vs. Extent of Degradability, 353 11.4 Equipment for Mechanical Pretreatment, 354 11.5 Side Effects, 359 11.6 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge, 360 11.7 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Anaerobic Digestion, 361 11.8 Conclusion, 367 References, 368 12 Thermal Methods to Enhance Biological Treatment Processes 373 Etienne Paul, He´le`ne Carre`re, and Damien J. Batstone 12.1 Introduction, 373 12.2 Mechanisms, 374 12.3 Devices for Thermal Treatment, 388 12.4 Applications of Thermal Treatment, 390 12.5 Conclusions, 398 References, 399 13 Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Energy Recovery 405 Yong-Qiang Liu, Joo-Hwa Tay, and Yu Liu 13.1 Introduction, 405 13.2 Characteristics and Dewatering of Sewage Sludge, 406 13.3 Energy Recovery from Sludge, 408 References, 421 14 Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology for Wastewater Treatment 429 Bing-Jie Ni and Han-Qing Yu 14.1 Introduction, 429 14.2 Technological Starting Points: Cultivating Aerobic Granules, 431 14.3 Mechanisms of the Aerobic Granulation Process, 436 14.4 Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge, 438 14.5 Modeling Granule-Based SBR for Wastewater Treatment, 447 14.6 Bioremediation of Wastewaters with Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology, 452 14.7 Remarks, 456 References, 457 15 Biodegradable Bioplastics from Fermented Sludge, Wastes, and Effluents 465 Etienne Paul, Elisabeth Neuhauser, and Yu Liu 15.1 Introduction, 465 15.2 PHA Structure, 469 15.3 Microbiology for PHA Production, 469 15.4 Metabolism of PHA Production, 471 15.5 PHA Kinetics, 479 15.6 PHA Storage to Minimize Excess Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment Plants, 481 15.7 Choice of Process and Reactor Design for PHA Production, 482 15.8 Culture Selection and Enrichment Strategies, 487 15.9 PHA Quality and Recovery, 489 15.10 Industrial Developments, 490 References, 492 Index 499