Encyclopedia of Biocolloid and Biointerface Science, Volume 2
1st Edition
Published on 30. September 2016
Book
Hardback
576 pages
978-1-118-54267-5 (ISBN)
Description
This two-volume encyclopedia covers the field of biocolloids and biointerfaces, one of the emerging and increasingly prominent studied areas of physical chemistry. The progress and development of biotechnology, biomaterials, and nanobiosciences makes it especially timely to publish an encyclopedia of biocolloid and biointerface science. This will be the first encyclopedia in this field. Arrranged in an A to Z manner, fundamentals, applications, and measurement techniques will be addressed. Sample topics include concentrated soft particles, intercellular interactions, rheology, biofilms liposomes, membrane transport, smart gels, polyer nanotubes, water in nanospace, bioadhesion, and electrokinetic measurements, among others.
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Content
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii
I Insulin
46 Insulin Fibrillation and Role of Peptides and Small Molecules in its Inhibition Process 575
Victor Banerjee and K.P. Das
46.1 Introduction, 575
46.2 Prevention of Insulin Fibrillation, 580
46.3 Summary and Conclusion, 588
References, 588
InterfacialWater
47 Interfacial Water Between Charge-Neutralized Polymer and Liquid Water 592
Hiromi Kitano and Makoto Gemmei-Ide
47.1 Introduction, 592
47.2 Polymer Film Systems, 592
47.3 Zwitterionic Polymer Brush System, 595
47.4 Amphoteric Polymer Brush System, 596
47.5 Conclusion, 596
References, 596
L Langmuir Monolayer Interaction
48 Langmuir Monolayer Interaction of Perfluorooctylated Long-Chain Alcohols With Biomembrane Constituents 597
Hiromichi Nakahara and Osamu Shibata
48.1 Introduction, 597
48.2 Thermal Properties of F8HmOH, 597
48.3 Langmuir Monolayer Behavior of F8HmOH, 598
48.4 Binary Monolayers of DPPC and F8HmOH, 599
48.5 Miscibility of F8HmOH With Lipids, 605
48.6 Conclusions and Perspectives, 606
References, 606
Latex
49 Affinity Latex 609
Haruma Kawaguchi
49.1 Introduction, 609
49.2 Immunolatex, 610
49.3 Materials Composing Affinity Latex, 610
49.4 Comparison Between Affinity Column Chromatography and Affinity Latex, 611
49.5 Features of Affinity Latex, 611
49.6 Novel Affinity Latex, 613
49.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects, 613
References, 613
50 Latex Diagnosis 614
Haruma Kawaguchi
50.1 Introduction, 614
50.2 Materials Composing Immunolatex, 614
50.3 Design of Immnolatex, 614
50.4 Measurement of Agglutination, 616
50.5 Latex Diagnostics Independent from Agglutination, 617
50.6 Multiplex Assay Using Affinity Latex, 618
50.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects, 618
References, 618
Light Scattering
51 Light Scattering and Electrophoretic Light Scattering of Biopolymers 619
Etsuo Kokufuta
51.1 Introduction, 619
51.2 Static Light Scattering, 619
51.3 Dynamic Light Scattering, 620
51.4 Electrophoretic Light Scattering, 623
51.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 624
References, 627
Line Tension
52 Impact of Line Tension on Colloidal Systems 628
Hiroki Matsubara, Takanori Takiue, and Makoto Aratono
52.1 Introduction, 628
52.2 Domains in Langmuir Monolayers, 628
52.3 Modification of Domain Line Tension, 630
52.4 Vesicles, 631
52.5 Line Tension at Wetting Transitions, 633
52.6 Particles at Liquid Surfaces, 636
52.7 Foam Films, 637
52.8 Summary, 639
References, 639
Lipid
53 Liquid Structures and Properties of Lipids 642
Makio Iwahashi
53.1 Introduction, 642
53.2 Comparison of Alcohols with Their Corresponding Fatty Acids in Their Aggregated Structures and Properties, 642
53.3 Aggregation Number of Alcohol and Stability of Fatty Acid Dimer, 645
53.4 Intra- or Intermolecular Movements of Lipids, 647
53.5 Liquid Structures of Fatty Acids, 650
53.6 Effect of Cholesterol and Other Additives on the Cluster Structure and Properties of Oleic Acid, 652
53.7 Aggregated Structures and Properties of Acylglycerols, 655
53.8 New Application of Fatty-Acid Esters, 656
References, 658
Lipid Bilayer Membrane
54 Birefringence in Lipid Bilayer Membranes 661
Kiyoshi Mishima
54.1 Introduction, 661
54.2 Birefringence in Uniaxial Crystals, 661
54.3 Birefringence in Lipid Bilayers, 663
54.4 Interference with Birefringent Materials, 664
54.5 Birefringence Techniques for Analyzing Lipid Bilayer Membranes, 666
References, 672
Lipid Monolayer
55 Surface States of Lipid Monolayers Containing Gangliosides 674
Shoko Yokoyama
55.1 Introduction, 674
55.2 Experimental Materials, 674
55.3 Measurement of Surface Pressure, 674
55.4 Preparation of LB Film, 675
55.5 AFM Observation, 675
55.6 Results and Discussion, 675
55.7 Conclusion, 683
References, 683
Liponano-capsule
56 Liponanocapsule: A Nanocapsule Built From a Liposomal Template 684
Yuuka Fukui and Keiji Fujimoto
56.1 Introduction, 684
56.2 Multilayer Coating to Produce Liponanocapsule, 685
56.3 Release Behavior of Liponanocapsules, 685
56.4 Interaction of Liponano Capsules with Cells, 686
56.5 Assembly of Liponanocapsules to Create Freestanding Bioscaffold, 686
56.6 Coating with Minerals to Prepare Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Liponanocapsule, 687
56.7 Conclusions, 688
References, 688
M Magnetic Suspension
57 Physical Phenomena of Magnetic Suspensions for Application to Bioengineering 690
Akira Satoh
57.1 Introduction, 690
57.2 Simulation Methods for Colloidal Suspensions, 691
57.3 Surface Modification, 693
57.4 Sedimentation, 699
57.5 Conclusion, 701
References, 702
Membrane Electrode
58 Ion-Sensing Membrane Electrodes in Study of Surfactant-Biopolymer Interaction 704
Sudeshna M. Chatterjea, Koustubh Panda, and Satya P. Moulik
58.1 Introduction, 704
58.2 Development of Surfactant Ion-Selective Electrodes (SISEs), 705
58.3 Study of Surfactant Biopolymer Systems Using SISEs, 710
58.4 Conclusion, 714
Acknowledgment, 715
References, 715
Membrane Potential
59 Membrane Potential as a Function of Dielectric Constant 721
Akihiko Tanioka and Hidetoshi Matsumoto
59.1 Introduction, 721
59.2 Theoretical Background, 722
59.3 Materials and Experimental Procedures, 726
59.4 Results and Discussion, 728
References, 734
Micellar Protein Alpha-crystalline
60 Biophysical Studies of a Micellar Protein -Crystallin by Fluorescence Methods 737
Aritra Chowdhury, Rajat Banerjee, and K.P. Das
60.1 -Crystallin, 737
60.2 A Brief Introduction to Fluorescence in Proteins, 737
60.3 Challenges in Determining -Crystallin Structure and Preliminary Structural Models Based on Micellar Architecture, 738
60.4 Hydrophobicity of -Crystallin and Its Chaperone Function, 738
60.5 Effect of Temperature on Chaperone Function of -Crystallin, 740
60.6 Identification of Chaperone Sites of -Crystallin Using Hydrophobic Fluorophores, 741
60.7 Substrate Conformation Recognized by -Crystallin: Comparison with Other Chaperones, 741
60.8 Subunit Exchange of -Crystallin and Its Diverse Role, 743
60.9 Oligomeric Assembly and Unfolding of -Crystallin, 746
60.10 Summary and Conclusions, 750
References, 751
Muscle Contraction
61 Modeling Muscle Contraction Mechanism in Accordance with Sliding-Filament Theory 753
Toshio Mitsui and Hiroyuki Ohshima
61.1 Introduction, 753
61.2 Muscle Structures and the Sliding-Filament Theory, 753
61.3 Thermodynamic Relationship that any Models Based on Sliding-Filament Theory Should Fulfill, 754
61.4 Difficulties of the Power Stroke Model, 757
61.5 Requirements for any Models Based on Sliding-Filament Theory, 758
61.6 Construction of a New Model, 758
61.7 Characteristics of the Model That are Helpful for Numerical Calculations, 763
61.8 Comparison of Calculation Results with Experimental Data, 764
61.9 Summary and Discussion, 768
References, 769
N Nanocarrier
62 Nanocarriers of Functional Materials From Amino Acid Surfactants 771
Geetha Baskar, S. Angayarkanny, and Asit Baran Mandal
62.1 Introduction, 771
62.2 Self-Assembly and Aggregated Structures, 772
62.3 Polymeric Amphiphiles, 774
62.4 Amino Acid Surfactants, 775
62.5 Polymeric Nanocarriers in Pharmaceutical and Other Applications, 778
62.6 Summary, 780
Acknowledgments, 780
References, 780
Nanocolloid
63 Syntheses of Metallic Nanocolloids and the Quenching Abilities of Reactive Oxygen Species 784
Yukihide Shiraishi and Naoki Toshima
63.1 Introduction, 784
63.2 Monometallic Nanocolloids, 785
63.3 Bimetallic Nanocolloids, 787
Acknowledgments, 789
References, 789
Nanocomposite
64 Silver and Gold Nanocomposites: Amino Acid Sidechain Effect on Morphology 790
Zoya Zaheer and Rafiuddin
64.1 Introduction, 790
64.2 Role of Sidechain, 791
64.3 Mechanism in the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles, 792
References, 796
Nanogel
65 Nanogel, an Internally Networked Poly(Amino Acid) Nanoparticle for pH-Responsive Delivery 799
Jong-Duk Kim and Chan Woo Park
65.1 Introduction, 799
65.2 Preparation of Poly(Amino Acid) Nanogels, 801
65.3 Structure and Characteristics of Nanogel, 805
65.4 pH-Responsive Nanogels, 808
65.5 Conclusions, 810
References, 810
Nanoparticle
66 Strategies of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanobiology 812
Daisuke Matsukuma and Hidenori Otsuka
66.1 Introduction, 812
66.2 Metal Nanoparticles, 812
66.3 Bioconjugation of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanobiology, 814
66.4 Surface Modification of Metal Nanoparticles by Functional Polymers, 815
66.5 Reducing Polymers Act as Dispersants for Nanoparticles, 817
66.6 Conclusion, 818
References, 818
O On-chip Electrophoresis
67 On-Chip Electrophoresis for Evaluating Zeta-Potential of Nanoliposomes 821
Takanori Akagi and Takanori Ichiki
67.1 Introduction, 821
67.2 Nanoliposome Preparation, 821
67.3 Zeta-Potential Measurement System, 822
67.4 Calculation of Zeta-Potential of Liposomes, 822
67.5 Capillary Electrophoresis of Liposomes, 823
67.6 Conclusion, 824
References, 824
P Phase Separation
68 Phase Separation in Phospholipid Bilayers Induced by Cholesterol 825
Nobutake Tamai, Masaki Goto, and Hitoshi Matsuki
68.1 Introduction, 825
68.2 Historical Background, 826
68.3 Solid-Liquid Phase Diagrams of Binary Mixtures, 827
68.4 Phase Transitions of CnPC-Cholesterol Binary Bilayers, 829
68.5 Phase Diagrams of CnPC-Cholesterol Binary Bilayers, 833
68.6 Acyl Chain Length Dependence of Characteristic Cholesterol Compositions, 836
68.7 Summary, 838
References, 838
69 Phase Separation Phenomena in Drug Systems 841
Andleeb Z. Naqvi and Kabir-ud-Din
69.1 Introduction, 841
69.2 Drug-DDS Interactions: Effect of Temperature on Solution, 842
References, 854
Phosphatidylcholine
70 Bilayer Imaging of Phosphatidylcholines by High-Pressure Fluorometry 860
Masaki Goto, Nobutake Tamai, and Hitoshi Matsuki
70.1 Introduction, 860
70.2 Prodan Fluorescence Spectra, 860
70.3 Factors Affecting the Packing State in the PC Bilayer, 862
70.4 Packing State in the Lc Phase, 866
70.5 Conclusions, 868
Acknowledgments, 868
References, 868
Plant-responding Mechanism
71 Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Mechanisms Involved in Plant Response to Salt Stress 870
Xiaoli Tang, Xingmin Mu, Hongbo Shao, Hongyan Wang, and Marian Brestic
71.1 Introduction, 870
71.2 Growth and Photosynthesis, 871
71.3 Osmotic Stress Effects and Tolerance, 872
71.4 Ion Toxicity and Ion Homeostasis, 872
71.5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Responses, 875
71.6 Phytohormone in Salt Stress, 876
71.7 Conclusions, 876
Acknowledgments, 878
References, 878
Pulmonary Surfactant
72 Interfacial Phenomena of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations 885
Hiromichi Nakahara, Sannamu Lee, and Osamu Shibata
72.1 Introduction, 885
72.2 Isotherm Behavior of the Lipids and Peptide, 886
72.3 Interaction Between the Lipids and Peptide, 888
72.4 Hysteresis in -A and DeltaV-A Isotherms, 890
72.5 Morphological Phase Behavior, 891
72.6 Polarized ATR-FTIR Spectra, 894
72.7 PM-IRRAS Spectra at the Air-Water Interface, 895
72.8 Conclusions, 901
References, 902
73 Using Thin Liquid Film for Study of Pulmonary Surfactants 905
Dotchi Exerowa, Roumen Todorov, and Dimo Platikanov
73.1 Introduction, 905
73.2 Experimental Technique, 905
73.3 Physicochemical Properties Studied by the Thin Liquid Film Method, 907
73.4 Pulmonary Surfactants, 909
73.5 Method for Lung Maturity Assessment, 909
73.6 Foam Films from Pulmonary Surfactant and Its Components, 910
73.7 Thin Liquid Wetting Films from Pulmonary Surfactant Solutions, 912
73.8 Conclusion, 913
References, 913
R Receptor-ligand Interaction
74 Probing Receptor-Ligand Interactions on a Single Molecule Level Using Optical Tweezers 915
Tim Stangner, Carolin Wagner, Christof Gutsche, Konstanze Stangner, David Singer, Stefano Angioletti-Uberti, and Friedrich Kremer
74.1 Introduction, 915
74.2 Methodology, 916
74.3 Theoretical Description of Receptor-Ligand Interactions, 921
74.4 Case Studies, 923
74.5 Conclusion, 929
References, 929
S Soft Particle
75 AC Electrokinetics of Concentrated Suspensions of Soft and Hairy Nanoparticles: Model and Experiments 933
Silvia Ahualli, Ángel V. Delgado, Félix Carrique, and Mar?a Luisa Jiménez
75.1 Introduction, 933
75.2 Basic Equations, 934
75.3 Some Predictions, 938
75.4 Experimental Verification, 941
75.5 Conclusion, 943
Acknowledgment, 944
References, 944
76 Electrophoretic Behavior of pH-Regulated Soft Biocolloids 946
Li-Hsien Yeh and Jyh-Ping Hsu
76.1 Introduction, 946
76.2 Theoretical Model, 947
76.3 Electrophoresis of a pH-Regulated Soft Biocolloid, 950
76.4 Summary, 956
76.5 Notations, 957
Greek Letters, 958
Superscripts, 959
Subscripts, 959
Prefix, 959
References, 959
77 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 961
Kimiko Makino and Hiroyuki Ohshima
77.1 Introduction, 961
77.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of Hard Particles, 961
77.3 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles, 962
77.4 Analysis of Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles, 965
77.5 Electrophoresis of Nonuniformly Charged Soft Particles, 967
References, 968
78 Potential Distribution Around a Hard Particle and a Soft Particle 970
Hiroyuki Ohshima
78.1 Introduction, 970
78.2 Hard Particles, 970
78.3 Soft Particles, 974
78.4 Discrete-Charge Effect, 975
References, 978
Soil
79 Soil Interfacial Electrical Phenomena 979
Munehide Ishiguro
79.1 Introduction, 979
79.2 Ion Transport in Soils, 979
79.3 Soil Dispersion and Flocculation, 983
79.4 Influence of Dispersion on Soil Permeability, 985
79.5 Surfactant Adsorption, 988
79.6 Ion Exclusion and Salt Sieving, 991
References, 992
Solid-water Interface
80 Pharmaceutical Solid-Water Interface Phenomena Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 994
Yusuke Hattori and Makoto Otsuka
80.1 Introduction, 994
80.2 Exploration of Interface Phenomena Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, 995
80.3 Conclusion, 1001
References, 1002
Stability
81 Colloid Stability of Biocolloidal Dispersions 1004
Tharwat Tadros
81.1 Introduction, 1004
81.2 Kinetic Stability of Biocolloidal Dispersion Systems and General Stabilization Mechanisms, 1004
81.3 Nanoemulsions, 1007
81.4 Nanobiodegradable Dispersions, 1010
81.5 Liposomes and Vesicles in Pharmaceuticals, 1011
References, 1013
82 Stability Ratio and Early-Stage Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Dispersions 1014
Hiroyuki Ohshima
82.1 Introduction, 1014
82.2 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability and the Stability Ratio, 1014
82.3 Approximate Analytic Expressions for the Stability Ratio W, 1016
82.4 Rate Equations for Early-Stage Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Particles, 1017
82.5 Approximate Solution to the Rate Equation, 1018
References, 1019
Surfactant
83 Catanionic Surfactants: Novel Surrogates of Phospholipids 1020
Kausik Manna and Amiya Kumar Panda
83.1 Introduction, 1020
83.2 Classifications, 1021
83.3 Preparation and Isolation, 1029
83.4 Characterization of Isolated IPA, 1029
83.5 Properties, 1031
83.6 Catanionic Micelles, 1036
83.7 Catanionic Vesicles: Catanosomes, 1037
83.8 Applications of IPA/Catanionic Surfactants, 1039
83.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives, 1041
References, 1041
84 Phase Behavior of Natural-Sourced Surfactant Systems 1044
Kenji Aramaki
84.1 Introduction, 1044
84.2 Sugar-Based Surfactants, 1044
84.3 Glycerol-Based Surfactants, 1046
References, 1050
85 Surfactants and Biosurfactants 1051
Youichi Takata
85.1 Introduction, 1051
85.2 General Surfactants, 1051
85.3 Biosurfactants, 1054
References, 1055
Surface Active Drug
86 Effect of Additives on Self-Association and Clouding Phenomena of Various Surface-Active Drugs 1056
Md. Sayem Alam and Asit Baran Mandal
86.1 Introduction, 1056
86.2 Surface Properties, Self-Association, and Mixed Micellization of Surface-Active Drugs with and Without Additives, 1059
86.3 Effect of Additives on Clouding Behavior of Amphiphilic Drug Solutions, 1062
86.4 Thermodynamics at CP, 1065
86.5 Conclusions, 1067
Acknowledgment, 1067
References, 1067
T Thermodynamic Analysis of Partial Molar Volume
87 Thermodynamic Analysis of Partial Molar Volume in Biocolloidal Systems 1071
Michio Yamanaka, Hideyuki Maekawa, Tamaki Yasui, and Hitoshi Matsuki
87.1 Introduction, 1071
87.2 Definition of Partial Molar Volume and Elementary Thermodynamic Equations of the Volume Behavior of Solutions, 1072
87.3 Partial Molar Volumes in a Protein-Ligand System, 1073
87.4 Partial Molar Volume in Mixed Membrane Systems, 1079
Acknowledgments, 1086
References, 1086
V Van derWaals Interaction
88 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Colloidal Particles 1087
Hiroyuki Ohshima
88.1 Introduction, 1087
88.2 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Two Molecules, 1087
88.3 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Two Colloidal Particles, 1088
88.4 Various Geometries, 1088
References, 1093
W Wormlike Micelle
89 Wormlike Micelles with Nonionic Surfactants 1095
Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Kenji Aramaki, Hideki Sakai, and Masahiko Abe
89.1 Introduction, 1095
89.2 Wormlike Micelles in Nonionic Surfactants, 1097
89.3 Conclusion, 1102
References, 1102
Index 1105
Preface xxvii
I Insulin
46 Insulin Fibrillation and Role of Peptides and Small Molecules in its Inhibition Process 575
Victor Banerjee and K.P. Das
46.1 Introduction, 575
46.2 Prevention of Insulin Fibrillation, 580
46.3 Summary and Conclusion, 588
References, 588
InterfacialWater
47 Interfacial Water Between Charge-Neutralized Polymer and Liquid Water 592
Hiromi Kitano and Makoto Gemmei-Ide
47.1 Introduction, 592
47.2 Polymer Film Systems, 592
47.3 Zwitterionic Polymer Brush System, 595
47.4 Amphoteric Polymer Brush System, 596
47.5 Conclusion, 596
References, 596
L Langmuir Monolayer Interaction
48 Langmuir Monolayer Interaction of Perfluorooctylated Long-Chain Alcohols With Biomembrane Constituents 597
Hiromichi Nakahara and Osamu Shibata
48.1 Introduction, 597
48.2 Thermal Properties of F8HmOH, 597
48.3 Langmuir Monolayer Behavior of F8HmOH, 598
48.4 Binary Monolayers of DPPC and F8HmOH, 599
48.5 Miscibility of F8HmOH With Lipids, 605
48.6 Conclusions and Perspectives, 606
References, 606
Latex
49 Affinity Latex 609
Haruma Kawaguchi
49.1 Introduction, 609
49.2 Immunolatex, 610
49.3 Materials Composing Affinity Latex, 610
49.4 Comparison Between Affinity Column Chromatography and Affinity Latex, 611
49.5 Features of Affinity Latex, 611
49.6 Novel Affinity Latex, 613
49.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects, 613
References, 613
50 Latex Diagnosis 614
Haruma Kawaguchi
50.1 Introduction, 614
50.2 Materials Composing Immunolatex, 614
50.3 Design of Immnolatex, 614
50.4 Measurement of Agglutination, 616
50.5 Latex Diagnostics Independent from Agglutination, 617
50.6 Multiplex Assay Using Affinity Latex, 618
50.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects, 618
References, 618
Light Scattering
51 Light Scattering and Electrophoretic Light Scattering of Biopolymers 619
Etsuo Kokufuta
51.1 Introduction, 619
51.2 Static Light Scattering, 619
51.3 Dynamic Light Scattering, 620
51.4 Electrophoretic Light Scattering, 623
51.5 Discussion and Conclusion, 624
References, 627
Line Tension
52 Impact of Line Tension on Colloidal Systems 628
Hiroki Matsubara, Takanori Takiue, and Makoto Aratono
52.1 Introduction, 628
52.2 Domains in Langmuir Monolayers, 628
52.3 Modification of Domain Line Tension, 630
52.4 Vesicles, 631
52.5 Line Tension at Wetting Transitions, 633
52.6 Particles at Liquid Surfaces, 636
52.7 Foam Films, 637
52.8 Summary, 639
References, 639
Lipid
53 Liquid Structures and Properties of Lipids 642
Makio Iwahashi
53.1 Introduction, 642
53.2 Comparison of Alcohols with Their Corresponding Fatty Acids in Their Aggregated Structures and Properties, 642
53.3 Aggregation Number of Alcohol and Stability of Fatty Acid Dimer, 645
53.4 Intra- or Intermolecular Movements of Lipids, 647
53.5 Liquid Structures of Fatty Acids, 650
53.6 Effect of Cholesterol and Other Additives on the Cluster Structure and Properties of Oleic Acid, 652
53.7 Aggregated Structures and Properties of Acylglycerols, 655
53.8 New Application of Fatty-Acid Esters, 656
References, 658
Lipid Bilayer Membrane
54 Birefringence in Lipid Bilayer Membranes 661
Kiyoshi Mishima
54.1 Introduction, 661
54.2 Birefringence in Uniaxial Crystals, 661
54.3 Birefringence in Lipid Bilayers, 663
54.4 Interference with Birefringent Materials, 664
54.5 Birefringence Techniques for Analyzing Lipid Bilayer Membranes, 666
References, 672
Lipid Monolayer
55 Surface States of Lipid Monolayers Containing Gangliosides 674
Shoko Yokoyama
55.1 Introduction, 674
55.2 Experimental Materials, 674
55.3 Measurement of Surface Pressure, 674
55.4 Preparation of LB Film, 675
55.5 AFM Observation, 675
55.6 Results and Discussion, 675
55.7 Conclusion, 683
References, 683
Liponano-capsule
56 Liponanocapsule: A Nanocapsule Built From a Liposomal Template 684
Yuuka Fukui and Keiji Fujimoto
56.1 Introduction, 684
56.2 Multilayer Coating to Produce Liponanocapsule, 685
56.3 Release Behavior of Liponanocapsules, 685
56.4 Interaction of Liponano Capsules with Cells, 686
56.5 Assembly of Liponanocapsules to Create Freestanding Bioscaffold, 686
56.6 Coating with Minerals to Prepare Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Liponanocapsule, 687
56.7 Conclusions, 688
References, 688
M Magnetic Suspension
57 Physical Phenomena of Magnetic Suspensions for Application to Bioengineering 690
Akira Satoh
57.1 Introduction, 690
57.2 Simulation Methods for Colloidal Suspensions, 691
57.3 Surface Modification, 693
57.4 Sedimentation, 699
57.5 Conclusion, 701
References, 702
Membrane Electrode
58 Ion-Sensing Membrane Electrodes in Study of Surfactant-Biopolymer Interaction 704
Sudeshna M. Chatterjea, Koustubh Panda, and Satya P. Moulik
58.1 Introduction, 704
58.2 Development of Surfactant Ion-Selective Electrodes (SISEs), 705
58.3 Study of Surfactant Biopolymer Systems Using SISEs, 710
58.4 Conclusion, 714
Acknowledgment, 715
References, 715
Membrane Potential
59 Membrane Potential as a Function of Dielectric Constant 721
Akihiko Tanioka and Hidetoshi Matsumoto
59.1 Introduction, 721
59.2 Theoretical Background, 722
59.3 Materials and Experimental Procedures, 726
59.4 Results and Discussion, 728
References, 734
Micellar Protein Alpha-crystalline
60 Biophysical Studies of a Micellar Protein -Crystallin by Fluorescence Methods 737
Aritra Chowdhury, Rajat Banerjee, and K.P. Das
60.1 -Crystallin, 737
60.2 A Brief Introduction to Fluorescence in Proteins, 737
60.3 Challenges in Determining -Crystallin Structure and Preliminary Structural Models Based on Micellar Architecture, 738
60.4 Hydrophobicity of -Crystallin and Its Chaperone Function, 738
60.5 Effect of Temperature on Chaperone Function of -Crystallin, 740
60.6 Identification of Chaperone Sites of -Crystallin Using Hydrophobic Fluorophores, 741
60.7 Substrate Conformation Recognized by -Crystallin: Comparison with Other Chaperones, 741
60.8 Subunit Exchange of -Crystallin and Its Diverse Role, 743
60.9 Oligomeric Assembly and Unfolding of -Crystallin, 746
60.10 Summary and Conclusions, 750
References, 751
Muscle Contraction
61 Modeling Muscle Contraction Mechanism in Accordance with Sliding-Filament Theory 753
Toshio Mitsui and Hiroyuki Ohshima
61.1 Introduction, 753
61.2 Muscle Structures and the Sliding-Filament Theory, 753
61.3 Thermodynamic Relationship that any Models Based on Sliding-Filament Theory Should Fulfill, 754
61.4 Difficulties of the Power Stroke Model, 757
61.5 Requirements for any Models Based on Sliding-Filament Theory, 758
61.6 Construction of a New Model, 758
61.7 Characteristics of the Model That are Helpful for Numerical Calculations, 763
61.8 Comparison of Calculation Results with Experimental Data, 764
61.9 Summary and Discussion, 768
References, 769
N Nanocarrier
62 Nanocarriers of Functional Materials From Amino Acid Surfactants 771
Geetha Baskar, S. Angayarkanny, and Asit Baran Mandal
62.1 Introduction, 771
62.2 Self-Assembly and Aggregated Structures, 772
62.3 Polymeric Amphiphiles, 774
62.4 Amino Acid Surfactants, 775
62.5 Polymeric Nanocarriers in Pharmaceutical and Other Applications, 778
62.6 Summary, 780
Acknowledgments, 780
References, 780
Nanocolloid
63 Syntheses of Metallic Nanocolloids and the Quenching Abilities of Reactive Oxygen Species 784
Yukihide Shiraishi and Naoki Toshima
63.1 Introduction, 784
63.2 Monometallic Nanocolloids, 785
63.3 Bimetallic Nanocolloids, 787
Acknowledgments, 789
References, 789
Nanocomposite
64 Silver and Gold Nanocomposites: Amino Acid Sidechain Effect on Morphology 790
Zoya Zaheer and Rafiuddin
64.1 Introduction, 790
64.2 Role of Sidechain, 791
64.3 Mechanism in the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles, 792
References, 796
Nanogel
65 Nanogel, an Internally Networked Poly(Amino Acid) Nanoparticle for pH-Responsive Delivery 799
Jong-Duk Kim and Chan Woo Park
65.1 Introduction, 799
65.2 Preparation of Poly(Amino Acid) Nanogels, 801
65.3 Structure and Characteristics of Nanogel, 805
65.4 pH-Responsive Nanogels, 808
65.5 Conclusions, 810
References, 810
Nanoparticle
66 Strategies of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanobiology 812
Daisuke Matsukuma and Hidenori Otsuka
66.1 Introduction, 812
66.2 Metal Nanoparticles, 812
66.3 Bioconjugation of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanobiology, 814
66.4 Surface Modification of Metal Nanoparticles by Functional Polymers, 815
66.5 Reducing Polymers Act as Dispersants for Nanoparticles, 817
66.6 Conclusion, 818
References, 818
O On-chip Electrophoresis
67 On-Chip Electrophoresis for Evaluating Zeta-Potential of Nanoliposomes 821
Takanori Akagi and Takanori Ichiki
67.1 Introduction, 821
67.2 Nanoliposome Preparation, 821
67.3 Zeta-Potential Measurement System, 822
67.4 Calculation of Zeta-Potential of Liposomes, 822
67.5 Capillary Electrophoresis of Liposomes, 823
67.6 Conclusion, 824
References, 824
P Phase Separation
68 Phase Separation in Phospholipid Bilayers Induced by Cholesterol 825
Nobutake Tamai, Masaki Goto, and Hitoshi Matsuki
68.1 Introduction, 825
68.2 Historical Background, 826
68.3 Solid-Liquid Phase Diagrams of Binary Mixtures, 827
68.4 Phase Transitions of CnPC-Cholesterol Binary Bilayers, 829
68.5 Phase Diagrams of CnPC-Cholesterol Binary Bilayers, 833
68.6 Acyl Chain Length Dependence of Characteristic Cholesterol Compositions, 836
68.7 Summary, 838
References, 838
69 Phase Separation Phenomena in Drug Systems 841
Andleeb Z. Naqvi and Kabir-ud-Din
69.1 Introduction, 841
69.2 Drug-DDS Interactions: Effect of Temperature on Solution, 842
References, 854
Phosphatidylcholine
70 Bilayer Imaging of Phosphatidylcholines by High-Pressure Fluorometry 860
Masaki Goto, Nobutake Tamai, and Hitoshi Matsuki
70.1 Introduction, 860
70.2 Prodan Fluorescence Spectra, 860
70.3 Factors Affecting the Packing State in the PC Bilayer, 862
70.4 Packing State in the Lc Phase, 866
70.5 Conclusions, 868
Acknowledgments, 868
References, 868
Plant-responding Mechanism
71 Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Mechanisms Involved in Plant Response to Salt Stress 870
Xiaoli Tang, Xingmin Mu, Hongbo Shao, Hongyan Wang, and Marian Brestic
71.1 Introduction, 870
71.2 Growth and Photosynthesis, 871
71.3 Osmotic Stress Effects and Tolerance, 872
71.4 Ion Toxicity and Ion Homeostasis, 872
71.5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Responses, 875
71.6 Phytohormone in Salt Stress, 876
71.7 Conclusions, 876
Acknowledgments, 878
References, 878
Pulmonary Surfactant
72 Interfacial Phenomena of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations 885
Hiromichi Nakahara, Sannamu Lee, and Osamu Shibata
72.1 Introduction, 885
72.2 Isotherm Behavior of the Lipids and Peptide, 886
72.3 Interaction Between the Lipids and Peptide, 888
72.4 Hysteresis in -A and DeltaV-A Isotherms, 890
72.5 Morphological Phase Behavior, 891
72.6 Polarized ATR-FTIR Spectra, 894
72.7 PM-IRRAS Spectra at the Air-Water Interface, 895
72.8 Conclusions, 901
References, 902
73 Using Thin Liquid Film for Study of Pulmonary Surfactants 905
Dotchi Exerowa, Roumen Todorov, and Dimo Platikanov
73.1 Introduction, 905
73.2 Experimental Technique, 905
73.3 Physicochemical Properties Studied by the Thin Liquid Film Method, 907
73.4 Pulmonary Surfactants, 909
73.5 Method for Lung Maturity Assessment, 909
73.6 Foam Films from Pulmonary Surfactant and Its Components, 910
73.7 Thin Liquid Wetting Films from Pulmonary Surfactant Solutions, 912
73.8 Conclusion, 913
References, 913
R Receptor-ligand Interaction
74 Probing Receptor-Ligand Interactions on a Single Molecule Level Using Optical Tweezers 915
Tim Stangner, Carolin Wagner, Christof Gutsche, Konstanze Stangner, David Singer, Stefano Angioletti-Uberti, and Friedrich Kremer
74.1 Introduction, 915
74.2 Methodology, 916
74.3 Theoretical Description of Receptor-Ligand Interactions, 921
74.4 Case Studies, 923
74.5 Conclusion, 929
References, 929
S Soft Particle
75 AC Electrokinetics of Concentrated Suspensions of Soft and Hairy Nanoparticles: Model and Experiments 933
Silvia Ahualli, Ángel V. Delgado, Félix Carrique, and Mar?a Luisa Jiménez
75.1 Introduction, 933
75.2 Basic Equations, 934
75.3 Some Predictions, 938
75.4 Experimental Verification, 941
75.5 Conclusion, 943
Acknowledgment, 944
References, 944
76 Electrophoretic Behavior of pH-Regulated Soft Biocolloids 946
Li-Hsien Yeh and Jyh-Ping Hsu
76.1 Introduction, 946
76.2 Theoretical Model, 947
76.3 Electrophoresis of a pH-Regulated Soft Biocolloid, 950
76.4 Summary, 956
76.5 Notations, 957
Greek Letters, 958
Superscripts, 959
Subscripts, 959
Prefix, 959
References, 959
77 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 961
Kimiko Makino and Hiroyuki Ohshima
77.1 Introduction, 961
77.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of Hard Particles, 961
77.3 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles, 962
77.4 Analysis of Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles, 965
77.5 Electrophoresis of Nonuniformly Charged Soft Particles, 967
References, 968
78 Potential Distribution Around a Hard Particle and a Soft Particle 970
Hiroyuki Ohshima
78.1 Introduction, 970
78.2 Hard Particles, 970
78.3 Soft Particles, 974
78.4 Discrete-Charge Effect, 975
References, 978
Soil
79 Soil Interfacial Electrical Phenomena 979
Munehide Ishiguro
79.1 Introduction, 979
79.2 Ion Transport in Soils, 979
79.3 Soil Dispersion and Flocculation, 983
79.4 Influence of Dispersion on Soil Permeability, 985
79.5 Surfactant Adsorption, 988
79.6 Ion Exclusion and Salt Sieving, 991
References, 992
Solid-water Interface
80 Pharmaceutical Solid-Water Interface Phenomena Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 994
Yusuke Hattori and Makoto Otsuka
80.1 Introduction, 994
80.2 Exploration of Interface Phenomena Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, 995
80.3 Conclusion, 1001
References, 1002
Stability
81 Colloid Stability of Biocolloidal Dispersions 1004
Tharwat Tadros
81.1 Introduction, 1004
81.2 Kinetic Stability of Biocolloidal Dispersion Systems and General Stabilization Mechanisms, 1004
81.3 Nanoemulsions, 1007
81.4 Nanobiodegradable Dispersions, 1010
81.5 Liposomes and Vesicles in Pharmaceuticals, 1011
References, 1013
82 Stability Ratio and Early-Stage Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Dispersions 1014
Hiroyuki Ohshima
82.1 Introduction, 1014
82.2 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability and the Stability Ratio, 1014
82.3 Approximate Analytic Expressions for the Stability Ratio W, 1016
82.4 Rate Equations for Early-Stage Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Particles, 1017
82.5 Approximate Solution to the Rate Equation, 1018
References, 1019
Surfactant
83 Catanionic Surfactants: Novel Surrogates of Phospholipids 1020
Kausik Manna and Amiya Kumar Panda
83.1 Introduction, 1020
83.2 Classifications, 1021
83.3 Preparation and Isolation, 1029
83.4 Characterization of Isolated IPA, 1029
83.5 Properties, 1031
83.6 Catanionic Micelles, 1036
83.7 Catanionic Vesicles: Catanosomes, 1037
83.8 Applications of IPA/Catanionic Surfactants, 1039
83.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives, 1041
References, 1041
84 Phase Behavior of Natural-Sourced Surfactant Systems 1044
Kenji Aramaki
84.1 Introduction, 1044
84.2 Sugar-Based Surfactants, 1044
84.3 Glycerol-Based Surfactants, 1046
References, 1050
85 Surfactants and Biosurfactants 1051
Youichi Takata
85.1 Introduction, 1051
85.2 General Surfactants, 1051
85.3 Biosurfactants, 1054
References, 1055
Surface Active Drug
86 Effect of Additives on Self-Association and Clouding Phenomena of Various Surface-Active Drugs 1056
Md. Sayem Alam and Asit Baran Mandal
86.1 Introduction, 1056
86.2 Surface Properties, Self-Association, and Mixed Micellization of Surface-Active Drugs with and Without Additives, 1059
86.3 Effect of Additives on Clouding Behavior of Amphiphilic Drug Solutions, 1062
86.4 Thermodynamics at CP, 1065
86.5 Conclusions, 1067
Acknowledgment, 1067
References, 1067
T Thermodynamic Analysis of Partial Molar Volume
87 Thermodynamic Analysis of Partial Molar Volume in Biocolloidal Systems 1071
Michio Yamanaka, Hideyuki Maekawa, Tamaki Yasui, and Hitoshi Matsuki
87.1 Introduction, 1071
87.2 Definition of Partial Molar Volume and Elementary Thermodynamic Equations of the Volume Behavior of Solutions, 1072
87.3 Partial Molar Volumes in a Protein-Ligand System, 1073
87.4 Partial Molar Volume in Mixed Membrane Systems, 1079
Acknowledgments, 1086
References, 1086
V Van derWaals Interaction
88 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Colloidal Particles 1087
Hiroyuki Ohshima
88.1 Introduction, 1087
88.2 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Two Molecules, 1087
88.3 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Two Colloidal Particles, 1088
88.4 Various Geometries, 1088
References, 1093
W Wormlike Micelle
89 Wormlike Micelles with Nonionic Surfactants 1095
Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Kenji Aramaki, Hideki Sakai, and Masahiko Abe
89.1 Introduction, 1095
89.2 Wormlike Micelles in Nonionic Surfactants, 1097
89.3 Conclusion, 1102
References, 1102
Index 1105