
CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide
Description
Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes
Review key concepts with Exam Preparation Tasks
Practice with realistic exam questions on the CD-ROM
CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, Fourth Edition, is a best-of-breed Cisco (R) exam study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCIE (R) Routing and Switching written exam. Well-respected networking professionals Wendell Odom, Rus Healy, and Denise Donohue share preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.
CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, Fourth Edition, presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. "Do I Know This Already?" quizzes open each chapter and allow you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks sections help drill you on key concepts you must know thoroughly.
The companion CD-ROM contains a powerful testing engine that allows you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, presenting question-by-question remediation to the text and laying out a complete study plan for review.
Well regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review questions and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time.
CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, Fourth Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.
The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam, including:
Bridging and LAN switching
IP addressing, IP services, TCP, UDP, and application protocol details
Layer 3 forwarding concepts
EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP routing protocols
Quality of service
Frame Relay
MPLS
IP multicast
IPv6
Router and switch security
Troubleshooting
Companion CD-ROM
The CD-ROM contains 200 practice questions for the exam.
This volume is part of the Certification Guide Series from Cisco Press (R). Books in this series provide officially developed exam preparation materials that offer assessment, review, and practice to help Cisco Career Certification candidates identify weaknesses, concentrate
their study efforts, and enhance their confidence as exam day nears.
Category: Cisco Press-Cisco Certification
Covers: CCIE Routing and Switching written exam 350-001 v4.0
More details
Other editions
New editions



Persons
, CCIE No. 1624, is a 28-year veteran of the networking industry. He
currently works as an independent author of Cisco certification resources and occasional
instructor of Cisco authorized training for Skyline ATS. He has worked as a network
engineer, consultant, systems engineer, instructor, and course developer. He is author of
several best-selling Cisco certification titles. He maintains lists of current titles, links to
Wendell's blogs, and other certification resources at www.TheCertZone.com.
Rus Healy, CCIE No. 15025, has worked on several Cisco Press projects, including the
third edition of this book as a coauthor, and the second edition as a technical reviewer. Rus
is chief technology officer of Annese & Associates, Cisco's Education Partner of the Year
for the Northeast US and Canada. Rus serves on the Board of Directors of Habitat for
Humanity of New York State and Habitat for Humanity of Ontario County, NY.
Denise Donohue, CCIE No. 9566, is senior solutions architect for ePlus Technology, a
Cisco Gold partner. She works as a consulting engineer, designing networks for ePlus's
customers. Prior to this role, she was a systems engineer for the data consulting arm of
SBC/AT&T. She has co-authored several Cisco Press books in the areas of route/switch and
voice. Denise has been a Cisco instructor and course director for Global Knowledge and
did network consulting for many years. Her areas of specialization include route/switch,
voice, and data center.
Content
Introduction xxxii
<b>Part I LAN Switching
</b>Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 3
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 3
<b>Foundation Topics
</b>Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 7
<i>RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 7
Auto-negotiation, Speed, and Duplex 8
CSMA/CD 9
Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 9
Basic Switch Port Configuration 11
</i>Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 13
<i>Types of Ethernet Addresses 15
Ethernet Address Formats 16
Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 17
</i>Switching and Bridging Logic 18
SPAN and RSPAN 20
<i>Core Concepts of SPAN and RSPAN 22
Restrictions and Conditions 22
Basic SPAN Configuration 24
Complex SPAN Configuration 24
RSPAN Configuration 25
</i><b>Foundation Summary
</b>Memory Builders 29
<i>Fill In Key Tables from Memory 29
Definitions 29
Further Reading 29
</i>Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 31
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 31
<b>Foundation Topics
</b>Virtual LANs 35
<i>VLAN Configuration 35
Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 36
Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 38
Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 39
Private VLANs 40
</i>VLAN Trunking Protocol 42
<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VTP Process and Revision Numbers 43<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VTP Configuration 44</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"><i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 46<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Storing VLAN Configuration 47</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 48<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 48<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ISL and 802.1Q Configuration 49<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 52<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Trunk Configuration Compatibility 52<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Trunking on Routers 53<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling 55</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring PPPoE 56<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 60<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 61<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 61<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 61<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 63<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 63<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol 67<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Ports and Designated Ports 67<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Electing a Root Switch 67<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Determining the Root Port 69<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Determining the Designated Port 70<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Converging to a New STP Topology 71<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 72<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 73<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 74<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">STP Configuration and Analysis 76</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Optimizing Spanning Tree 79<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast 79<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PortFast 80<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">UplinkFast 80<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BackboneFast 81<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast Configuration 81<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PortChannels 82<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Load Balancing Across PortChannels 82<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PortChannel Discovery and Configuration 83<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 84<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 86<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 87</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Protecting STP 88<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Root Guard and BPDU Guard: Protecting Access Ports 89<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">UDLD and Loop Guard: Protecting Trunks 89</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Complex Layer 2 Issues 91<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 2 Troubleshooting Process 91<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 2 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 92<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Using Basic Interface Statistics 92<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 95<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Trunking 95<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting VTP 96<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting EtherChannels 98<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Approaches to Resolving Layer 2 Issues 100</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 103<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill in Key Tables from Memory 103<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 103<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 103<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part II IP<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 4 P Addressing 105<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 105<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Addressing and Subnetting 108<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 108<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Subnetting a Classful Network Number 109<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Comments on Classless Addressing 111<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Subnetting Math 111<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 111<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses-Binary 112<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Addresses 113<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Determining All Subnets of a Network-Binary 116<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Determining All Subnets of a Network-Decimal 118<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VLSM Subnet Allocation 119<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Summarization Concepts 121<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Binary 122<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Decimal 123<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Finding Exclusive Summary Routes-Binary 124</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 125<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classless Interdomain Routing 125<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Private Addressing 127<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Network Address Translation 127<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Static NAT 128<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamic NAT Without PAT 130<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 131<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 132</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 138<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill in Key Tables from Memory 138<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 139<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 139<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 5 IP Services 141<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 141<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 146<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ARP and Proxy ARP 146<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 147<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DHCP 148</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 150<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Network Time Protocol 154<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">SNMP 155<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">SNMP Protocol Messages 157<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">SNMP MIBs 158<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">SNMP Security 159</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Syslog 159<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Web Cache Communication Protocol 160<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing the Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreement (IP SLA) Feature 163<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing NetFlow 165<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing Router IP Traffic Export 166<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager 167<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing Remote Monitoring 169<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing and Using FTP on a Router 170<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing a TFTP Server on a Router 171<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing Secure Copy Protocol 171<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing HTTP and HTTPS Access 172<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing Telnet Access 172<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing SSH Access 173</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 179<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 179<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 179<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 179<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part III IP Routing<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 6 Forwarding (Routing) 181<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 181<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Forwarding 186<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 187<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Building Adjacency Information: ARP and Inverse ARP 188<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Inverse ARP 189<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Static Configuration of Frame Relay Mapping Information 192<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Disabling InARP 193<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classless and Classful Routing 194</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multilayer Switching 195<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MLS Logic 195<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Routed Ports and PortChannels with MLS 196<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MLS Configuration 197</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Policy Routing 201<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Optimized Edge Routing and Performance Routing 206<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Device Roles in PfR 208<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MC High Availability and Failure Considerations 209<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PfR Configuration 209<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">GRE Tunnels 211</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 215<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 215<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 215<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 215<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 7 EIGRP 217<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 217<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Basics and Steady-State Operation 221<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Hellos, Neighbors, and Adjacencies 221<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Updates 224<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The EIGRP Topology Table 226</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Convergence 228<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Input Events and Local Computation 229<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Going Active on a Route 231<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Stuck-in-Active 233<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Limiting Query Scope 234</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Configuration 234<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Configuration Example 234<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Load Balancing 237<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Authentication 238<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Automatic Summarization 239<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Split Horizon 240<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Route Filtering 240<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Offset Lists 242<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Clearing the IP Routing Table 243</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 246<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 246<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 246<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 247<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 8 OSPF 249<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 249<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Database Exchange 254<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Router IDs 254<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent 255<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process 257<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Flooding LSA Headers to Neighbors 258<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Database Descriptor Exchange: Master/Slave Relationship 259<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs 259<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Designated Routers on LANs 260<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Designated Router Optimization on LANs 260<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DR Election on LANs 262<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types 263<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks 264<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA 265<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">SPF Calculation 268<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Steady-State Operation 269</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Design and LSAs 269<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Design Terms 270<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Path Selection Process 271<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LSA Types and Network Types 271<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LSA Types 1 and 2 272<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs 275<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Removing Routes Advertised by Type 3 LSAs 278<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2 278<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types 280<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Stubby Areas 281<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Graceful Restart 284<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Path Choices That Do Not Use Cost 285<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Choosing the Best Type of Path 285<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Best-Path Side Effects of ABR Loop Prevention 286</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Configuration 288<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process 290<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Alternatives to the OSPF Network Command 292<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Filtering 293<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering Routes Using the distribute-list Command 293</i><i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering 295<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering Type 3 LSAs with the area range Command 296<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Virtual Link Configuration 296<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring OSPF Authentication 298<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Stub Router Configuration 301</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 306<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 307<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 307</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 307<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> <P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 9 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, Default Routing, and<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting 309<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 309<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance 314<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Route Maps with the route-map Command 314<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Map match Commands for Route Redistribution 316<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Map set Commands for Route Redistribution 317<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Prefix Lists 318<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Administrative Distance 320</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Redistribution 321<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Mechanics of the redistribute Command 321<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Redistribution Using Default Settings 322<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags 325<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map 326<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers 330<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance 332<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags 335<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes 337</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Summarization 339<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP Route Summarization 341<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPF Route Summarization 341</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Default Routes 342<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static 344<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using the default-information originate Command 345<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using the ip default-network Command 346<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes 347</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Complex Layer 3 Issues 349<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 3 Troubleshooting Process 349<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 3 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 351<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Routing Processes 352<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Approaches to Resolving Layer 3 Issues 359</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 363<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 363<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 363<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 363<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 10 Fundamentals of BGP Operations 365<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 365<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Building BGP Neighbor Relationships 371<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Internal BGP Neighbors 372<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">External BGP Neighbors 375<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Checks Before Becoming BGP Neighbors 376<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP Messages and Neighbor States 378<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP Message Types 378<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Purposefully Resetting BGP Peer Connections 379</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Building the BGP Table 380<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Injecting Routes/Prefixes into the BGP Table 380<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP network Command 380<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Redistributing from an IGP, Static, or Connected Route 383<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Impact of Auto-Summary on Redistributed Routes and the network<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Command 385<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Manual Summaries and the AS_PATH Path Attribute 388<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adding Default Routes to BGP 391<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ORIGIN Path Attribute 392<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Advertising BGP Routes to Neighbors 393<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP Update Message 393<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Determining the Contents of Updates 394<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Example: Impact of the Decision Process and NEXT_HOP on BGP Updates 396<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Summary of Rules for Routes Advertised in BGP Updates 402</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Building the IP Routing Table 402<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adding eBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 402<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Backdoor Routes 403<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adding iBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 404<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Sync and Redistributing Routes 406<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Disabling Sync and Using BGP on All Routers in an AS 408<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Confederations 409<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Confederations 411<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Reflectors 414</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 424<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 424<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 424</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 425<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> <P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 11 BGP Routing Policies 427<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 427<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"></b>Route Filtering and Route Summarization 433<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering BGP Updates Based on NLRI 434<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Map Rules for NLRI Filtering 437<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Soft Reconfiguration 438<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Comparing BGP Prefix Lists, Distribute Lists, and Route Maps 438<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering Subnets of a Summary Using the aggregate-address Command 439<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering BGP Updates by Matching the AS_PATH PA 440<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The BGP AS_PATH and AS_PATH Segment Types 441<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Regular Expressions to Match AS_PATH 443<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Example: Matching AS_PATHs Using AS_PATH Filters 446<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Matching AS_SET and AS_CONFED_SEQ 449</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP Path Attributes and the BGP Decision Process 452<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Generic Terms and Characteristics of BGP PAs 452<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The BGP Decision Process 454<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Clarifications of the BGP Decision Process 455<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Three Final Tiebreaker Steps in the BGP Decision Process 455<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adding Multiple BGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 456<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Mnemonics for Memorizing the Decision Process 456</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring BGP Policies 458<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Background: BGP PAs and Features Used by Routing Policies 458<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 0: NEXT_HOP Reachable 460<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 1: Administrative Weight 460<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 2: Highest Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF) 463<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 3: Choose Between Locally Injected Routes Based on ORIGIN PA 466<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 4: Shortest AS_PATH 467<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Removing Private ASNs 467<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AS_PATH Prepending and Route Aggregation 468<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 5: Best ORIGIN PA 471<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 6: Smallest Multi-Exit Discriminator 471<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring MED: Single Adjacent AS 473<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring MED: Multiple Adjacent Autonomous Systems 474<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The Scope of MED 474<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 7: Prefer Neighbor Type eBGP over iBGP 475<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 8: Smallest IGP Metric to the NEXT_HOP 475</i><i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The maximum-paths Command and BGP Decision Process Tiebreakers 475<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 9: Lowest BGP Router ID of Advertising Router (with One Exception) 476<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Step 10: Lowest Neighbor ID 476<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The BGP maximum-paths Command 476</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">BGP Communities 478<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Matching COMMUNITY with Community Lists 482<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Removing COMMUNITY Values 483<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Filtering NLRI Using Special COMMUNITY Values 484</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>486<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 490<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 490<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 490<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 490<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part IV QoS<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 12 Classification and Marking 493<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 493<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"></b>Fields That Can Be Marked for QoS Purposes 497<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Precedence and DSCP Compared 497<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DSCP Settings and Terminology 498<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Class Selector PHB and DSCP Values 499<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Assured Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 499<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Expedited Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 500<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Non-IP Header Marking Fields 501<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Ethernet LAN Class of Service 501<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">WAN Marking Fields 501<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Locations for Marking and Matching 502</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco Modular QoS CLI 503<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Mechanics of MQC 504<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classification Using Class Maps 505<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Multiple match Commands 506<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classification Using NBAR 507</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classification and Marking Tools 508<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Class-Based Marking (CB Marking) Configuration 508<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Marking Example 509<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Marking of CoS and DSCP 513<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Network-Based Application Recognition 515<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Marking Design Choices 516<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Marking Using Policers 517<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">QoS Pre-Classification 518<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Policy Routing for Marking 519</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AutoQoS 519<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AutoQoS for VoIP 520<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AutoQos VoIP on Switches 520<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AutoQoS VoIP on Routers 521<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Verifying AutoQoS VoIP 522<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">AutoQoS for the Enterprise 522<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Discovering Traffic for AutoQoS Enterprise 522<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Generating the AutoQoS Configuration 523<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Verifying AutoQos for the Enterprise 523</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>524<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 526<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 526<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 526<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 527<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 13 Congestion Management and Avoidance 529<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 529<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco Router Queuing Concepts </b>533<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Software Queues and Hardware Queues 533<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Queuing on Interfaces Versus Subinterfaces and Virtual Circuits 534<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Comparing Queuing Tools 534</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Queuing Tools: CBWFQ and LLQ 535<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CBWFQ Basic Features and Configuration 536<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Defining and Limiting CBWFQ Bandwidth 538<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Low-Latency Queuing 541<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Defining and Limiting LLQ Bandwidth 543<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LLQ with More Than One Priority Queue 545<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Miscellaneous CBWFQ/LLQ Topics 545<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Queuing Summary 546</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Weighted Random Early Detection 546<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">How WRED Weights Packets 548<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">WRED Configuration 549</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Modified Deficit Round-Robin 550<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LAN Switch Congestion Management and Avoidance 552<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco Switch Ingress Queueing 553<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Creating a Priority Queue 553<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco 3560 Congestion Avoidance 555<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco 3560 Switch Egress Queuing 556</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 559<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">RSVP Process Overview 560<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring RSVP 562<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using RSVP for Voice Calls 563</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>565<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 565<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 565<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 565<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 565<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 14 Shaping, Policing, and Link Fragmentation 567<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 567<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>572<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Traffic-Shaping Concepts 572<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Shaping Terminology 572<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Shaping with an Excess Burst 574<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Underlying Mechanics of Shaping 574<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Traffic-Shaping Adaptation on Frame Relay Networks 576</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Generic Traffic Shaping 576<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Class-Based Shaping 578<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Tuning Shaping for Voice Using LLQ and a Small Tc 580<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Shaping by Bandwidth Percent 583<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Shaping to a Peak Rate 584<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adaptive Shaping 584</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Traffic Shaping 584<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">FRTS Configuration Using the traffic-rate Command 586<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Setting FRTS Parameters Explicitly 587<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">FRTS Configuration Using LLQ 588<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">FRTS Adaptive Shaping 590<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">FRTS with MQC 590</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Policing Concepts and Configuration 590<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Policing Concepts 591<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Single-Rate, Two-Color Policing (One Bucket) 591<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Single-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 592<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Two-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 593<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Class-Based Policing Configuration 595<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Single-Rate, Three-Color Policing of All Traffic 595<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Policing a Subset of the Traffic 596<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CB Policing Defaults for Bc and Be 597<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Dual-Rate Policing 597<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multi-Action Policing 597<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Policing by Percentage 598<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Committed Access Rate 599</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">QoS Troubleshooting and Commands 601<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Slow Application Response 602<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Troubleshooting Voice and Video Problems 603<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Other QoS Troubleshooting Tips 604<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Approaches to Resolving QoS Issues 605</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>606<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 608<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 608<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 608<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 609<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part V Wide-Area Networks<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 15 Wide-Area Networks 611<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 611<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>614<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Point-to-Point Protocol 614<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PPP Link Control Protocol 615<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Basic LCP/PPP Configuration 615<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multilink PPP 617<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MLP Link Fragmentation and Interleaving 619<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PPP Compression 620<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PPP Layer 2 Payload Compression 621<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Header Compression 621</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Concepts 622<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Data Link Connection Identifiers 623<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Local Management Interface 624<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Headers and Encapsulation 625<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Congestion: DE, BECN, and FECN 626<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Adaptive Shaping, FECN, and BECN 627<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Discard Eligibility Bit 628</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Configuration 628<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Configuration Basics 629<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Payload Compression 632<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay Fragmentation 634<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Frame Relay LFI Using Multilink PPP (MLP) 636</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>638<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 641<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 641<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 641<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part VI IP Multicast<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 16 Introduction to IP Multicasting 643<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 643<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>646<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Why Do You Need Multicasting? 646<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Problems with Unicast and Broadcast Methods 647<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">How Multicasting Provides a Scalable and Manageable Solution 649</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast IP Addresses 652<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Address Range and Structure 652<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Well-Known Multicast Addresses 652<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Addresses for Permanent Groups 653<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Addresses for Source-Specific Multicast Applications and Protocols 654<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Addresses for GLOP Addressing 654<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Addresses for Private Multicast Domains 655<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Addresses for Transient Groups 655<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Summary of Multicast Address Ranges 655<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 656</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Managing Distribution of Multicast Traffic with IGMP 657<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Joining a Group 658<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Internet Group Management Protocol 659<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMP Version 2 660<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMPv2 Host Membership Query Functions 662<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMPv2 Host Membership Report Functions 663<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMPv2 Leave Group and Group-Specific Query Messages 666<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMPv2 Querier 669<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMPv2 Timers 669<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMP Version 3 670</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LAN Multicast Optimizations 672<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco Group Management Protocol 672<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IGMP Snooping 678<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Router-Port Group Management Protocol 683</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>686<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 686<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 687<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 687<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 687</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">References in This Chapter 687<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> <P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 17 IP Multicast Routing 689<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 689<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>693<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Routing Basics 693<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Overview of Multicast Routing Protocols 694<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Forwarding Using Dense Mode 694<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Reverse Path Forwarding Check 695<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Forwarding Using Sparse Mode 697<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Scoping 699<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">TTL Scoping 699<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Administrative Scoping 700</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dense-Mode Routing Protocols 700<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode 701<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Forming PIM Adjacencies Using PIM Hello Messages 701<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Source-Based Distribution Trees 702<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Prune Message 703<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PIM-DM: Reacting to a Failed Link 705<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Rules for Pruning 707<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Steady-State Operation and the State Refresh Message 709<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Graft Message 711<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">LAN-Specific Issues with PIM-DM and PIM-SM 712<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Prune Override 712<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Assert Message 713<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Designated Router 715<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Summary of PIM-DM Messages 715<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 716<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Open Shortest Path First 716</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Sparse-Mode Routing Protocols 717<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode 717<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Similarities Between PIM-DM and PIM-SM 717<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Sources Sending Packets to the Rendezvous Point 718<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Joining the Shared Tree 720<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Completion of the Source Registration Process 722<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Shared Distribution Tree 724<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Steady-State Operation by Continuing to Send Joins 725<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Examining the RP's Multicast Routing Table 726<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Shortest-Path Tree Switchover 727<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Pruning from the Shared Tree 729<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamically Finding RPs and Using Redundant RPs 730<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamically Finding the RP Using Auto-RP 731<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamically Finding the RP Using BSR 735<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Anycast RP with MSDP 737<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Interdomain Multicast Routing with MSDP 739<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Summary: Finding the RP 741<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Bidirectional PIM 742<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Comparison of PIM-DM and PIM-SM 743<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Source-Specific Multicast 744</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>746<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 750<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 750<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 751<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 751<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part VII Security<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 18 Security 753<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 753<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>757<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Router and Switch Device Security 757<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Simple Password Protection for the CLI 757<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Better Protection of Enable and Username Passwords 758<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Secure Shell Protocol 759<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">User Mode and Privileged Mode AAA Authentication 760<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using a Default Set of Authentication Methods 761<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Using Multiple Authentication Methods 763<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Groups of AAA Servers 764<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Overriding the Defaults for Login Security 764<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PPP Security 765</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 2 Security 766<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Switch Security Best Practices for Unused and User Ports 767<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Port Security 767<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamic ARP Inspection 771<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DHCP Snooping 774<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Source Guard 777<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">802.1X Authentication Using EAP 777<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Storm Control 780<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">General Layer 2 Security Recommendations 782</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Layer 3 Security 783<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IP Access Control List Review 784<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ACL Rule Summary 785<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Wildcard Masks 787<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">General Layer 3 Security Considerations 788<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Smurf Attacks, Directed Broadcasts, and RPF Checks 788<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Inappropriate IP Addresses 790<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">TCP SYN Flood, the Established Bit, and TCP Intercept 790<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classic Cisco IOS Firewall 793<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">TCP Versus UDP with CBAC 793<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco IOS Firewall Protocol Support 794<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco IOS Firewall Caveats 794<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco IOS Firewall Configuration Steps 795<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco IOS Zone-Based Firewall 796<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Cisco IOS Intrusion Prevention System 801<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Control-Plane Policing 804<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Preparing for CoPP Implementation 805<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Implementing CoPP 806<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Dynamic Multipoint VPN 809</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>811<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 814<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 815<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 815<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 815<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part VIII MPLS<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 19 Multiprotocol Label Switching 817<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 817<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>821<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 821<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS IP Forwarding: Data Plane 822<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CEF Review 822<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Overview of MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 823<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS Forwarding Using the FIB and LFIB 825<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The MPLS Header and Label 826<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The MPLS TTL Field and MPLS TTL Propagation 827<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS IP Forwarding: Control Plane 829<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS LDP Basics 829<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The MPLS Label Information Base Feeding the FIB and LFIB 832<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Examples of FIB and LFIB Entries 836<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Label Distribution Protocol Reference 838</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS VPNs 839<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The Problem: Duplicate Customer Address Ranges 840<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The Solution: MPLS VPNs 841<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS VPN Control Plane 844<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Virtual Routing and Forwarding Tables 844<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MP-BGP and Route Distinguishers 846<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Targets 848<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Overlapping VPNs 850<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS VPN Configuration 851<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring the VRF and Associated Interfaces 853<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring the IGP Between PE and CE 855<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Redistribution Between PE-CE IGP and MP-BGP 858<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring MP-BGP Between PEs 861<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">MPLS VPN Data Plane 863<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Building the (Inner) VPN Label 865<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Creating LFIB Entries to Forward Packets to the Egress PE 866<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Creating VRF FIB Entries for the Ingress PE 868<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Penultimate Hop Popping 869</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Other MPLS Applications 870<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VRF Lite 872<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VRF Lite, Without MPLS 872<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">VRF Lite with MPLS 875</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>877<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 877<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 877<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 877<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 877<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part IX IP Version 6<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Chapter 20 IP Version 6 879<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 879<b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Topics </b>883<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Addressing and Address Types 884<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Address Notation 884<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Address Abbreviation Rules 885<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Address Types 885<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Unicast 886<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast 889<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Anycast 891<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">The Unspecified Address 892<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration 892<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EUI-64 Address Format 892</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Basic IPv6 Functionality Protocols 894<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Neighbor Discovery 894<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Neighbor Advertisements 896<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Neighbor Solicitation 896<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation 897<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Duplicate Address Detection 898<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Neighbor Unreachability Detection 899<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ICMPv6 899<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding 900<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DNS 901<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CDP 901<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">DHCP 902</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Access Lists 903<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Traffic Filtering with Access Lists 904</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Static Routes 904<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Unicast Routing Protocols 906<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPFv3 907<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 907<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Virtual Links, Address Summarization, and Other OSPFv3 Features 908<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPFv3 LSA Types 908<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">OSPFv3 in NBMA Networks 909<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring OSPFv3 over Frame Relay 910<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Enabling and Configuring OSPFv3 910<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Authentication and Encryption 918</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">EIGRP for IPv6 918<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Differences Between EIGRP for IPv4 and for IPv6 918<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Unchanged Features 919<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Filtering 920<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 920</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Route Redistribution and Filtering 927<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Route Redistribution 927<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Redistribution Example 928</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Quality of Service 931<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">QoS Implementation Strategy 932<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Classification, Marking, and Queuing 932<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Congestion Avoidance 933<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Traffic Shaping and Policing 933</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Tunneling Techniques 933<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Tunneling Overview 933<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Manually Configured Tunnels 935<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnels 936<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnels 936<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Automatic 6to4 Tunnels 937<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">ISATAP Tunnels 939<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">NAT-PT 939</i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Multicast 940<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Multicast Listener Discovery 940<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Explicit Tracking 941<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PIM 941<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PIM DR Election 941<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Source-Specific Multicast 941<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">PIM BSR 942<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Additional PIM Concepts and Options 942<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">IPv6 Multicast Static Routes 942<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Configuring Multicast Routing for IPv6 943</i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Foundation Summary </b>944<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Memory Builders 946<i><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Fill In Key Tables from Memory 946<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Definitions 946<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Further Reading 947<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </i><b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Part X Appendixes<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> </b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes 949<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 979<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix C CCIE Exam Updates 983<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> <P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Index 986<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left"> <b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">CD-Only</b><P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix D IP Addressing Practice<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix E RIP Version 2<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix F IGMP<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix G Key Tables for CCIE Study<P style="MARGIN: 0px" align=left text-align="left">Appendix H Solutions for Key Tables for CCIE Study<P style="MARGIN: 0px">Glossary<P style="MARGIN: 0px">