Cooperative Networking

About the Editors xiii List of Contributors xvii 1 Introduction 1 Mohammad S. Obaidat and Sudip Misra 1.1 Major Features of the Book 4 1.2 Target Audience 4 1.3 Supplementary Resources 5 1.4 Acknowledgements 5 2 Fundamentals and Issues with Cooperation in Networking 7 Mohammad S. Obaidat and Tarik Guelzim 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Fundamentals of Cooperating Networks 7 2.2.1 Cooperative Adhoc Network Services 8 2.2.2 Cooperative Relaying Network Service 13 2.3 Issues and Security Flaws with Cooperating Networks: Wireless Sensor Networks Case Study 15 2.3.1 Limitations in Mobile Ad hoc Networks 16 2.4 Conclusions 19 References 19 3 To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? That is the Question! 21 Mohamed H. Ahmed and Salama S. Ikki 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Overview of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 22 3.2.1 Relaying Techniques 22 3.2.2 Combining Techniques 23 3.2.3 Other Cooperating Techniques 24 3.3 Benefits of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 25 3.3.1 Signal-Quality Improvement 25 3.3.2 Reduced Power 28 3.3.3 Better Coverage 28 3.3.4 Capacity Gain 28 3.4 Major Challenges of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 28 3.4.1 Resources Over-Utilization 28 3.4.2 Additional Delay 29 3.4.3 Complexity 30 3.4.4 Unavailability of Cooperating Nodes 32 3.4.5 Security Threats 32 3.5 Discussion and Conclusion 32 References 33 4 Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 35 J. Barbancho, D. Cascado, J. L. Sevillano, C. León, A. Linares and F. J. Molina 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Why Could Cooperation in WAdSN be Useful? 36 4.2.1 Time Synchronization, Localization and Calibration 36 4.2.2 Routing 41 4.2.3 Data Aggregation and Fusion 43 4.3 Research Directions for Cooperation in WAdSN 45 4.3.1 Middleware for WAdSN 46 4.3.2 Multi-Agent Systems in WAdSN 48 4.3.3 Artificial Neural Networks in WAdSN 50 4.4 Final Remarks 53 4.5 Acknowledgements 53 References 53 5 Cooperation in Autonomous Vehicular Networks 57 Sidi Mohammed Senouci, Abderrahim Benslimane and Hassnaa Moustafa 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Overview on Vehicular Networks 58 5.3 Cooperation at Different OSI Layers 59 5.3.1 Cooperation at Lower Layers 59 5.3.2 Cooperation at Network Layer 60 5.3.3 Security and Authentication versus Cooperation 67 5.3.4 Cooperation at Upper Layers 69 5.4 Conclusion 73 References 73 6 Cooperative Overlay Networking for Streaming Media Content 77 F. Wang, J. Liu and K. Wu 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Architectural Choices for Streaming Media Content over the Internet 78 6.2.1 Router-Based Architectures: IP Multicast 79 6.2.2 Architectures with Proxy Caching 80 6.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Architectures 81 6.3 Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming 82 6.3.1 Comparisons with Other Peer-to-Peer Applications 82 6.3.2 Design Issues 83 6.3.3 Approaches for Overlay Construction 83 6.4 Overview of mTreebone 85 6.4.1 Treebone: A Stable Tree-Based Backbone 85 6.4.2 Mesh: An Adaptive Auxiliary Overlay 86 6.5 Treebone Construction and Optimization 87 6.5.1 Optimal Stable Node Identification 87 6.5.2 Treebone Bootstrapping and Evolution 88 6.5.3 Treebone Optimization 89 6.6 Collaborative Mesh-Tree Data Delivery 91 6.6.1 Seamless Push/Pull Switching 91 6.6.2 Handling Host Dynamics 91 6.7 Performance Evaluation 92 6.7.1 Large-Scale Simulations 92 6.7.2 PlanetLab-Based Experiments 94 6.8 Conclusion and Future Work 98 References 98 7 Cooperation in DTN-Based Network Architectures 101 Vasco N. G. J. Soares and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Delay-Tolerant Networks 102 7.2.1 DTN Application Domains 103 7.2.2 Cooperation in Delay-Tolerant Networks 103 7.3 Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks 106 7.3.1 Cooperation in Vehicular-Delay Tolerant Networks 106 7.3.2 Performance Assessment of Node Cooperation 108 7.4 Conclusions 112 7.5 Acknowledgements 113 References 113 8 Access Selection and Cooperation in Ambient Networks 117 Ram´on Agüero 8.1 Leveraging the Cooperation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 117 8.2 The Ambient Networks Philosophy 118 8.2.1 Generic Link Layer 120 8.2.2 Management of Heterogeneous Wireless Resources 120 8.2.3 Additional Functional Entities 121 8.2.4 Multi-Access Functions and Procedures 122 8.3 Related Work 125 8.4 Outlook 125 8.4.1 Cognition 125 8.4.2 Mesh Topologies 127 8.5 Conclusions 127 References 128 9 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 133 Carol Fung and Raouf Boutaba 9.1 Overview of Network Intrusions 133 9.1.1 Single-Host Intrusion and Malware 133 9.1.2 Distributed Attacks and Botnets 134 9.1.3 Cooperative Attacks and Phishing 134 9.2 Intrusion Detection Systems 135 9.2.1 Signature-Based and Anomaly-Based IDSs 135 9.2.2 Host-Based and Network-Based IDSs 135 9.3 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 136 9.3.1 Cooperation Topology 136 9.3.2 Cooperation Scope 137 9.3.3 Specialization 137 9.3.4 Cooperation Technologies and Algorithms 137 9.3.5 Taxonomy 138 9.4 Selected Intrusion Detection Networks 139 9.4.1 Indra 139 9.4.2 DOMINO 139 9.4.3 DShield 140 9.4.4 NetShield 140 9.4.5 Gossip 141 9.4.6 Worminator 142 9.4.7 ABDIAS 142 9.4.8 CRIM 142 9.4.9 HBCIDS 143 9.4.10 ALPACAS 143 9.4.11 CDDHT 143 9.4.12 SmartScreen Filter 143 9.4.13 FFCIDN 144 9.5 Open Challenges and Future Directions 144 9.6 Conclusion 144 References 144 10 Cooperation Link Level Retransmission in Wireless Networks 147 Mehrdad Dianati, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen and Kshirasagar Naik 10.1 Introduction 147 10.2 Background 149 10.2.1 Modeling of Fading Channels 149 10.2.2 Automatic Repeat Request 152 10.3 System Model 154 10.4 Protocol Model 155 10.5 Node Cooperative SW Scheme 156 10.6 Performance Analysis 157 10.7 Delay Analysis 164 10.8 Verification of Analytical Models 168 10.8.1 Throughput 169 10.8.2 Average Delay and Delay Jitter 171 10.9 Discussion of the Related Works 172 10.10 Summary 174 10.11 Acknowledgement 174 References 175 11 Cooperative Inter-Node and Inter-Layer Optimization of Network Protocols 177 D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli and N. L. S. da Fonseca 11.1 Introduction 177 11.2 A Framework for Cooperative Configuration and Optimization 178 11.2.1 Tuning TCP/IP Parameters 178 11.2.2 Cooperative Optimization Architecture 179 11.3 Cooperative Optimization Design 181 11.3.1 Inter-Layer Cooperative Optimization 181 11.3.2 Inter-Node Cooperative Optimization 183 11.4 A Test Case: TCP Optimization Using a Cooperative Framework 184 11.4.1 Implementation 184 11.4.2 Inter-Layer Cognitive Optimization 186 11.4.3 Inter-Node Cognitive Optimization 187 11.5 Conclusions 189 References 189 12 Cooperative Network Coding 191 H. Rashvand, C. Khirallah, V. Stankovic and L. Stankovic 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2 Network Coding Concept 192 12.2.1 Example 192 12.3 Cooperative Relay 195 12.4 Cooperation Strategies 196 12.4.1 Performance Measures 197 12.5 Cooperative Network Coding 206 12.6 Conclusions 214 References 214 13 Cooperative Caching for Chip Multiprocessors 217 J. Chang, E. Herrero, R. Canal and G. Sohi 13.1 Caching and Chip Multiprocessors 217 13.1.1 Caching Background 217 13.1.2 CMP (Chip Multiprocessor) 218 13.1.3 CMP Caching Challenges 218 13.2 Cooperative Caching and CMP Caching 220 13.2.1 Motivation for Cooperative Caching 220 13.2.2 The Unique Aspects of Cooperative Caching 220 13.2.3 CMP Cache Partitioning Schemes 225 13.2.4 A Taxonomy of CMP Caching Techniques 226 13.3 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 226 13.3.1 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 227 13.3.2 CC Mechanisms 229 13.3.3 CC Implementations 234 13.3.4 CC for Large Scale CMPs 241 13.3.5 Distributed Cooperative Caching 243 13.3.6 Summary 249 13.4 CMP Cooperative Caching Applications 251 13.4.1 CMP Cooperative Caching for Latency Reduction 252 13.4.2 CMP Cooperative Caching for Adaptive Repartitioning 259 13.4.3 CMP Cooperative Caching for Performance Isolation 262 13.5 Summary 269 References 270 14 Market-Oriented Resource Management and Scheduling: A Taxonomy and Survey 277 Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya 14.1 Introduction 277 14.2 Overview of Utility Grids and Preliminaries 277 14.3 Requirements 279 14.3.1 Consumer Side Requirements 279 14.3.2 Resource Provider Side Requirements 280 14.3.3 Market Exchange Requirements 280 14.4 Utility Grid Infrastructural Components 282 14.5 Taxonomy of Market-Oriented Scheduling 283 14.5.1 Market Model 284 14.5.2 Allocation Decision 288 14.5.3 Participant Focus 288 14.5.4 Application Type 288 14.5.5 Allocation Objective 289 14.6 Survey of Grid Resource Management Systems 289 14.6.1 Survey of Market-Oriented Systems 289 14.6.2 System-Oriented Schedulers 296 14.7 Discussion and Gap Analysis 300 14.7.1 Scheduling Mechanisms 300 14.7.2 Market Based Systems 301 14.8 Summary 302 References 303 Glossary 307 Index 319