Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies
1st Edition
Published on 29. November 2016
Book
Hardback
704 pages
978-1-118-47805-9 (ISBN)
Description
In-depth information on natural biomaterials and their applications for translational medicine!
Undiluted expertise: edited by world-leading experts with contributions from top-notch international scientists, collating experience and cutting-edge knowledge on natural biomaterials from all over the world
A must-have on the shelf in every biomaterials lab: graduate and PhD students beginning their career in biomaterials science and experienced researchers and practitioners alike will turn to this comprehensive reference in their daily work
Link to clinical practice: chapters on translational research make readers aware of what needs to be considered when a biomaterial leaves the lab to be routinely used
Undiluted expertise: edited by world-leading experts with contributions from top-notch international scientists, collating experience and cutting-edge knowledge on natural biomaterials from all over the world
A must-have on the shelf in every biomaterials lab: graduate and PhD students beginning their career in biomaterials science and experienced researchers and practitioners alike will turn to this comprehensive reference in their daily work
Link to clinical practice: chapters on translational research make readers aware of what needs to be considered when a biomaterial leaves the lab to be routinely used
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English
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978-1-118-47805-9 (9781118478059)
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Nuno M. Neves | Rui L. Reis
Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies
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10/2016
Wiley
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Nuno M. Neves | Rui L. Reis
Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies
E-Book
10/2016
Wiley
€197.99
Available for download
Persons
Nuno M. Neves is Professor at the Department of Polymer Engineering of the University of Minho, Portugal, where he is Vice-Director of the 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics. Nuno M. Neves received his PhD degree in Polymer Science and Engineering from the University of Minho in collaboration with the University of Twente, The Netherlands. His main area of research is the development of biomaterials from natural origin polymers. His research group focuses mainly on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies using stem cells and advanced drug delivery scaffolds and medical devices.
Rui L. Reis is Professor of Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, Biomaterials and Stem Cells at the Department of Polymer Engineering of the University of Minho, Portugal. He is the Vice-Rector for Research of the University of Minho, Director of the 3B's Research Group and the Director of the Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory ICVS/3B's. Rui L. Reis received his PhD degree in Polymer Engineering from the University of Minho in collaboration with Brunel University in London, UK. His main area of research is the development of biomaterials from natural origin polymers that his group proposes for a range of biomedical applications.
Rui L. Reis is Professor of Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, Biomaterials and Stem Cells at the Department of Polymer Engineering of the University of Minho, Portugal. He is the Vice-Rector for Research of the University of Minho, Director of the 3B's Research Group and the Director of the Portuguese Government Associate Laboratory ICVS/3B's. Rui L. Reis received his PhD degree in Polymer Engineering from the University of Minho in collaboration with Brunel University in London, UK. His main area of research is the development of biomaterials from natural origin polymers that his group proposes for a range of biomedical applications.
Content
CONTRIBUTORS xix
PREFACE xxix
PART I 1 Collagen-Based Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 3
Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe
1.1 Introduction, 3
1.2 Collagen Sponges, 4
1.3 Collagen Sponges with Micropatterned Pore Structures, 7
1.4 Collagen Sponges with Controlled Bulk Structures, 10
1.5 Hybrid Scaffolds, 12
1.6 Conclusions, 13
References, 14
2 Marine Collagen Isolation and Processing Envisaging Biomedical Applications 16
Joana Moreira-Silva, Gabriela S. Diogo, Ana L. P. Marques, Tiago H. Silva, and Rui L. Reis
2.1 Introduction, 16
2.2 Extraction of Collagen from Marine Sources, 18
2.3 Collagen Characterization, 22
2.4 Marine Collagen Wide Applications, 25
2.5 Final Remarks, 32
Acknowledgements, 34
References, 34
3 Gelatin-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Bioengineering 37
Mehdi Nikkhah, Mohsen Akbari, Arghya Paul, Adnan Memic, Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz, and Ali Khademhosseini
3.1 Introduction, 37
3.2 Crosslinking of Gelatin, 38
3.3 Physical Properties of Gelatin, 39
3.4 Application of Gelatin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering, 40
3.5 Gelatin for Stem Cell Therapy, 45
3.6 Application of Gelatin in Delivery Systems, 49
3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives, 50
Acknowledgements, 50
Abbreviations, 50
References, 51
4 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels on a Micro and Macro Scale 63
A. Borzacchiello, L. Russo, and L. Ambrosio
4.1 Classification and Structure of Hydrogels, 63
4.2 Hyaluronic Acid, 65
4.3 Hydrogel Mechanical Properties, 66
4.4 HA-Based Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications, 70
References, 75
5 Chondroitin Sulfate as a Bioactive Macromolecule for Advanced Biological Applications and Therapies 79
Nicola Volpi
5.1 CS Structure, 81
5.2 Biological Roles of CS, 81
5.3 Osteoarthritis Treatment, 84
5.4 Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, 84
5.5 Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, 85
5.6 Chondroitin Sulfate-Polymer Conjugates, 86
5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 87
References, 88
6 Keratin 93
Mark Van Dyke
6.1 Introduction, 93
6.2 Preparation of Keratoses, 98
6.3 Preparation of Kerateines, 100
6.4 Oxidative Sulfitolysis, 101
6.5 Summary, 102
References, 102
7 Elastin-Like Polypeptides: Bio-Inspired Smart Polymers for Protein Purification, Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering 106
Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Joseph J. Bellucci, and Ashutosh Chilkoti
7.1 Introduction, 106
7.2 Recombinant Protein Production Using ELPs as Purification Tags, 107
7.3 Delivery of Therapeutics with ELPs, 113
7.4 Tissue Engineering with ELPs, 119
7.5 Conclusions, 122
Acknowledgements, 122
Abbreviations, 122
References, 123
8 Silk: A Unique Family of Biopolymers 127
A. Motta, M. Floren, and C. Migliaresi
8.1 Introduction, 127
8.2 Main Silk Polymers, 129
8.3 Fibroin Basic Processing: Regenerated Silk Fibroin, 131
8.4 Materials Fabrication of Silk Proteins, 131
8.5 Advanced Material Applications of Silks, 135
8.6 Conclusion, 136
References, 137
9 Silk Protein Sericin: Promising Biopolymer for Biological and Biomedical Applications 142
Sunita Nayak and Subhas C. Kundu
9.1 Introduction, 142
9.2 Sericin Extraction and Processing, 146
9.3 Potential Applications of Sericin, 147
9.4 Immunogenicity and Toxicity of Sericin, 152
9.5 Conclusion, 153
Acknowledgements, 154
References, 154
10 Fibrin 159
Markus Kerbl, Philipp Heher, James Ferguson, and Heinz Redl
10.1 Introduction, 159
10.2 Fibrin Clotting, 160
10.3 Fibrin Degradation, 160
10.4 Fibrin Glue, 163
10.5 Conclusion, 170
Acknowledgement, 171
References, 171
11 Casein Proteins 176
Pranav K. Singh and Harjinder Singh
11.1 Introduction, 176
11.2 Structures and Properties of Casein, 178
11.3 Interaction of Caseins with Metal Ions, 184
11.4 Conclusions, 185
References, 186
12 Biomaterials from Decellularized Tissues 190
Ricardo Londono and Stephen F. Badylak
12.1 Introduction, 190
12.2 Host Response to Implanted ECM-Derived Biomaterials, 196
References, 199
13 Demineralized Bone Matrix: A Morphogenetic Extracellular Matrix 211
A. Hari Reddi and Ryosuke Sakata
13.1 Introduction, 211
13.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM), 211
13.3 From DBM to Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), 213
13.4 BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix, 216
13.5 BMP Receptors, 216
13.6 Future Perspectives, 218
Acknowledgements, 218
References, 218
PART II
14 Recent Developments on Chitosan Applications in Regenerative Medicine 223
Ana Rita C. Duarte, Vitor M. Correlo, Joaquim M. Oliveira, and Rui L. Reis
14.1 Introduction, 223
14.2 Chitosan and Derivatives, 224
14.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications of Chitosan, 227
14.4 Processing Methodologies, 231
14.5 Final Remarks, 236
Acknowledgments, 237
References, 237
15 Starch-Based Blends in Tissue Engineering 244
P.P. Carvalho, M.T. Rodrigues, R.L. Reis, and M.E. Gomes
15.1 Introduction, 244
15.2 Starch, 245
15.3 Modification of Starch for Biomedical Applications, 247
15.4 Starch-Based Blends, 248
15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 254
References, 255
16 Agarose Hydrogel Characterization for Regenerative Medicine Applications: Focus on Engineering Cartilage 258
Brendan L. Roach, Adam B. Nover, Gerard A. Ateshian, and Clark T. Hung
16.1 The Foundations of Agarose, 258
16.2 Structure-Function Relationships of Agarose Hydrogels, 259
16.3 Agarose as a Tissue Engineering Scaffold, 261
16.4 Agarose in the Clinic, 266
16.5 A Scaffold to Build On, 267
Acknowledgements, 268
References, 268
17 Bioengineering Alginate for Regenerative Medicine Applications 274
Emil Ruvinov and Smadar Cohen
17.1 Introduction, 274
17.2 Regenerative Medicine: Definition and Strategies, 275
17.3 Alginate Biomaterial, 277
17.4 Alginate Implant: First in Man Trial for Prevention of Heart Failure, 281
17.5 Alginate Hydrogel as a Vehicle for Stem Cell Delivery and Retention, 284
17.6 Engineering Alginate-Based Cell Microenvironments, 287
17.7 Alginate Hydrogel Carrier for Growth Factor Delivery, 289
17.8 Engineering Alginate for Affinity Binding and Presentation of Heparin-Binding Growth Factors, 292
References, 300
18 Dextran 307
Rong Wang, Pieter J. Dijkstra, and Marcel Karperien
18.1 Introduction, 307
18.2 Structure and Properties, 308
18.3 Dextran Derivatives, 310
18.4 Dextran Copolymers, 314
18.5 Degradation, 316
18.6 Outlook, 316
References, 316
19 Gellan Gum-based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 320
Joana Silva-Correia, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, and Rui Lu?ys Reis
19.1 Introduction, 320
19.2 Gellan Gum and its Derivatives, 322
19.3 Tissue Engineering Applications, 325
19.4 Final Remarks, 331
Acknowledgments, 332
References, 332
PART III
20 Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 339
L.R. Lizarraga-Valderrama, B. Panchal, C. Thomas, A.R. Boccaccini, and I. Roy
20.1 Introduction, 339
20.2 Skin Tissue Engineering, 341
20.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering, 344
20.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering, 348
20.5 Dental Tissue Engineering, 356
20.6 Bone Tissue Engineering, 358
20.7 Cartilage Tissue Engineering, 366
20.8 Osteochondral Tissue Engineering, 368
20.9 Drug Delivery, 370
20.10 Conclusions and the Future Potential of PHAs in Biomedical Applications, 373
References, 373
21 Bacterial Cellulose 384
Hernane S. Barud, Junkal Gutierrez, Wilton R. Lustri, Maristela F.S. Peres, Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Sybele Saska, and Agniezska Tercjak
21.1 Introduction, 384
21.2 BC Dressings, 385
21.3 Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 388
21.4 Concluding Remarks, 393
Acknowledgments, 394
References, 394
PART IV
22 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification 403
Muege Andac?, Igor Yu Galaev, and Adil Denizli
22.1 Introduction, 403
22.2 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification, 405
22.3 Some Selected Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels (MIC) for Macromolecules, 414
22.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives, 421
References, 423
23 Immunogenic Reaction of Implanted Biomaterials from Nature 429
Martijn Van Griensven and Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
23.1 Introduction, 429
23.2 Implantation Leads to Tissue Injury, 430
23.3 Inflammatory Responses, 431
23.4 Foreign Body Reaction, 433
23.5 Immunogenic Reactions Towards Natural Biomaterials, 435
23.6 Final Remarks, 438
References, 438
24 Chemical Modification of Biomaterials from Nature 444
J.C. Rodr?yguez Cabello, I. Gonz?alez De Torre, M. Santos, A.M. Testera, and M. Alonso
24.1 Protein Modification, 444
24.2 Lipid Modifications, 451
24.3 Polysaccharide Chemical Modifications, 457
References, 466
PART V
25 Processing of Biomedical Devices for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications 477
Vitor M. Correlo, Albino Martins, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
25.1 Introduction, 477
25.2 Processing Techniques of Naturally Derived Biomaterial, 478
25.3 Processing Techniques of Natural-Based Polymeric Blends, 483
References, 487
26 General Characterization of Physical Properties of Natural-Based Biomaterials 494
Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joaeo F. Mano
26.1 Introduction, 494
26.2 Bulk Properties, 495
26.3 Surface Properties, 507
26.4 Concluding Remarks, 512
Acknowledgments, 512
References, 512
27 General Characterization of Chemical Properties of Natural-Based Biomaterials 517
Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joaeo F. Mano
27.1 Introduction, 517
27.2 Molecular Weight and Elemental Composition, 518
27.3 Physiological Degradation, 524
27.4 Concluding Remarks, 527
Acknowledgments, 529
References, 529
28 In Vitro Biological Testing in the Development of New Devices 532
Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Albino Martins, Ana Costa-Pinto, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
28.1 Introduction, 532
28.2 Cytotoxicity Assays, 533
28.3 Evaluation of Cell Morphology and Distribution, 533
28.4 Cell Viability Assays, 535
28.5 Cell Proliferation Assays, 536
28.6 Biochemical Analysis, 537
28.7 Genotypic Expression Analysis, 541
28.8 Histological Assessment, 542
28.9 In Vitro Engineered Tissues, 543
28.10 Concluding Remarks, 548
References, 548
29 Advanced In-Vitro Cell Culture Methods Using Natural Biomaterials 551
Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
29.1 Introduction, 551
29.2 Bioreactors, 552
29.3 Hypoxia, 553
29.4 Co-Cultures, 555
29.5 Transfection, 555
29.6 Nanoparticles and Related Systems, 558
29.7 Concluding Remarks, 559
References, 559
30 Testing Natural Biomaterials in Animal Models 562
Ana Costa-Pinto, Tircia C. Santos, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
30.1 Laboratory Animals as Tools in Biomaterials Testing, 562
30.2 Inflammation and Host Reaction, 564
30.3 Animal Models for Tissue Engineering, 568
30.4 Final Remarks, 574
References, 575
PART VI
31 Delivery Systems Made of Natural-Origin Polymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications 583
Albino Martins, Helena Ferreira, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
31.1 Introduction, 583
31.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers-Based Delivery Systems, 585
31.3 Fundamentals of Drug Delivery, 586
31.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Applications of Natural-Based Delivery Systems, 591
31.5 Concluding Remarks, 601
References, 602
32 Translational Research into New Clinical Applications 612
M. David Harmon and Sangamesh G. Kumbar
32.1 Introduction, 612
32.2 Cardiovascular System Applications, 613
32.3 Integumentary System Applications, 616
32.4 Musculoskeletal System Applications, 618
32.5 Nervous System Applications, 619
32.6 Respiratory System Applications, 621
32.7 Gastrointestinal System Applications, 622
32.8 From Idea to Product, 624
Acknowledgements, 626
References, 626
33 Challenges and Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials for Advanced Devices and Therapies 629
R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
33.1 Introduction, 629
33.2 Challenges of Natural Biomaterials, 630
33.3 Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials, 631
33.4 Final Remarks, 631
References, 632
34 Adhesives Inspired by Marine Mussels 634
Courtney L. Jenkins, Heather J. Meredith, and Jonathan J. Wilker
34.1 Introduction, 634
34.2 Requirements for a Bioadhesive, 635
34.3 Marine Mussels, 636
34.4 Bulk Adhesion Testing, 638
34.5 Extracted Mussel Adhesive Proteins, 640
34.6 Mimics of Mussel Adhesive, 641
34.7 Conclusions, 645
Acknowledgement, 645
References, 645
35 Final Comments and Remarks 649
R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
INDEX 651
PREFACE xxix
PART I 1 Collagen-Based Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 3
Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe
1.1 Introduction, 3
1.2 Collagen Sponges, 4
1.3 Collagen Sponges with Micropatterned Pore Structures, 7
1.4 Collagen Sponges with Controlled Bulk Structures, 10
1.5 Hybrid Scaffolds, 12
1.6 Conclusions, 13
References, 14
2 Marine Collagen Isolation and Processing Envisaging Biomedical Applications 16
Joana Moreira-Silva, Gabriela S. Diogo, Ana L. P. Marques, Tiago H. Silva, and Rui L. Reis
2.1 Introduction, 16
2.2 Extraction of Collagen from Marine Sources, 18
2.3 Collagen Characterization, 22
2.4 Marine Collagen Wide Applications, 25
2.5 Final Remarks, 32
Acknowledgements, 34
References, 34
3 Gelatin-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Bioengineering 37
Mehdi Nikkhah, Mohsen Akbari, Arghya Paul, Adnan Memic, Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz, and Ali Khademhosseini
3.1 Introduction, 37
3.2 Crosslinking of Gelatin, 38
3.3 Physical Properties of Gelatin, 39
3.4 Application of Gelatin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering, 40
3.5 Gelatin for Stem Cell Therapy, 45
3.6 Application of Gelatin in Delivery Systems, 49
3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives, 50
Acknowledgements, 50
Abbreviations, 50
References, 51
4 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels on a Micro and Macro Scale 63
A. Borzacchiello, L. Russo, and L. Ambrosio
4.1 Classification and Structure of Hydrogels, 63
4.2 Hyaluronic Acid, 65
4.3 Hydrogel Mechanical Properties, 66
4.4 HA-Based Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications, 70
References, 75
5 Chondroitin Sulfate as a Bioactive Macromolecule for Advanced Biological Applications and Therapies 79
Nicola Volpi
5.1 CS Structure, 81
5.2 Biological Roles of CS, 81
5.3 Osteoarthritis Treatment, 84
5.4 Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, 84
5.5 Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, 85
5.6 Chondroitin Sulfate-Polymer Conjugates, 86
5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 87
References, 88
6 Keratin 93
Mark Van Dyke
6.1 Introduction, 93
6.2 Preparation of Keratoses, 98
6.3 Preparation of Kerateines, 100
6.4 Oxidative Sulfitolysis, 101
6.5 Summary, 102
References, 102
7 Elastin-Like Polypeptides: Bio-Inspired Smart Polymers for Protein Purification, Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering 106
Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Joseph J. Bellucci, and Ashutosh Chilkoti
7.1 Introduction, 106
7.2 Recombinant Protein Production Using ELPs as Purification Tags, 107
7.3 Delivery of Therapeutics with ELPs, 113
7.4 Tissue Engineering with ELPs, 119
7.5 Conclusions, 122
Acknowledgements, 122
Abbreviations, 122
References, 123
8 Silk: A Unique Family of Biopolymers 127
A. Motta, M. Floren, and C. Migliaresi
8.1 Introduction, 127
8.2 Main Silk Polymers, 129
8.3 Fibroin Basic Processing: Regenerated Silk Fibroin, 131
8.4 Materials Fabrication of Silk Proteins, 131
8.5 Advanced Material Applications of Silks, 135
8.6 Conclusion, 136
References, 137
9 Silk Protein Sericin: Promising Biopolymer for Biological and Biomedical Applications 142
Sunita Nayak and Subhas C. Kundu
9.1 Introduction, 142
9.2 Sericin Extraction and Processing, 146
9.3 Potential Applications of Sericin, 147
9.4 Immunogenicity and Toxicity of Sericin, 152
9.5 Conclusion, 153
Acknowledgements, 154
References, 154
10 Fibrin 159
Markus Kerbl, Philipp Heher, James Ferguson, and Heinz Redl
10.1 Introduction, 159
10.2 Fibrin Clotting, 160
10.3 Fibrin Degradation, 160
10.4 Fibrin Glue, 163
10.5 Conclusion, 170
Acknowledgement, 171
References, 171
11 Casein Proteins 176
Pranav K. Singh and Harjinder Singh
11.1 Introduction, 176
11.2 Structures and Properties of Casein, 178
11.3 Interaction of Caseins with Metal Ions, 184
11.4 Conclusions, 185
References, 186
12 Biomaterials from Decellularized Tissues 190
Ricardo Londono and Stephen F. Badylak
12.1 Introduction, 190
12.2 Host Response to Implanted ECM-Derived Biomaterials, 196
References, 199
13 Demineralized Bone Matrix: A Morphogenetic Extracellular Matrix 211
A. Hari Reddi and Ryosuke Sakata
13.1 Introduction, 211
13.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM), 211
13.3 From DBM to Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), 213
13.4 BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix, 216
13.5 BMP Receptors, 216
13.6 Future Perspectives, 218
Acknowledgements, 218
References, 218
PART II
14 Recent Developments on Chitosan Applications in Regenerative Medicine 223
Ana Rita C. Duarte, Vitor M. Correlo, Joaquim M. Oliveira, and Rui L. Reis
14.1 Introduction, 223
14.2 Chitosan and Derivatives, 224
14.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications of Chitosan, 227
14.4 Processing Methodologies, 231
14.5 Final Remarks, 236
Acknowledgments, 237
References, 237
15 Starch-Based Blends in Tissue Engineering 244
P.P. Carvalho, M.T. Rodrigues, R.L. Reis, and M.E. Gomes
15.1 Introduction, 244
15.2 Starch, 245
15.3 Modification of Starch for Biomedical Applications, 247
15.4 Starch-Based Blends, 248
15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 254
References, 255
16 Agarose Hydrogel Characterization for Regenerative Medicine Applications: Focus on Engineering Cartilage 258
Brendan L. Roach, Adam B. Nover, Gerard A. Ateshian, and Clark T. Hung
16.1 The Foundations of Agarose, 258
16.2 Structure-Function Relationships of Agarose Hydrogels, 259
16.3 Agarose as a Tissue Engineering Scaffold, 261
16.4 Agarose in the Clinic, 266
16.5 A Scaffold to Build On, 267
Acknowledgements, 268
References, 268
17 Bioengineering Alginate for Regenerative Medicine Applications 274
Emil Ruvinov and Smadar Cohen
17.1 Introduction, 274
17.2 Regenerative Medicine: Definition and Strategies, 275
17.3 Alginate Biomaterial, 277
17.4 Alginate Implant: First in Man Trial for Prevention of Heart Failure, 281
17.5 Alginate Hydrogel as a Vehicle for Stem Cell Delivery and Retention, 284
17.6 Engineering Alginate-Based Cell Microenvironments, 287
17.7 Alginate Hydrogel Carrier for Growth Factor Delivery, 289
17.8 Engineering Alginate for Affinity Binding and Presentation of Heparin-Binding Growth Factors, 292
References, 300
18 Dextran 307
Rong Wang, Pieter J. Dijkstra, and Marcel Karperien
18.1 Introduction, 307
18.2 Structure and Properties, 308
18.3 Dextran Derivatives, 310
18.4 Dextran Copolymers, 314
18.5 Degradation, 316
18.6 Outlook, 316
References, 316
19 Gellan Gum-based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 320
Joana Silva-Correia, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, and Rui Lu?ys Reis
19.1 Introduction, 320
19.2 Gellan Gum and its Derivatives, 322
19.3 Tissue Engineering Applications, 325
19.4 Final Remarks, 331
Acknowledgments, 332
References, 332
PART III
20 Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 339
L.R. Lizarraga-Valderrama, B. Panchal, C. Thomas, A.R. Boccaccini, and I. Roy
20.1 Introduction, 339
20.2 Skin Tissue Engineering, 341
20.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering, 344
20.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering, 348
20.5 Dental Tissue Engineering, 356
20.6 Bone Tissue Engineering, 358
20.7 Cartilage Tissue Engineering, 366
20.8 Osteochondral Tissue Engineering, 368
20.9 Drug Delivery, 370
20.10 Conclusions and the Future Potential of PHAs in Biomedical Applications, 373
References, 373
21 Bacterial Cellulose 384
Hernane S. Barud, Junkal Gutierrez, Wilton R. Lustri, Maristela F.S. Peres, Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Sybele Saska, and Agniezska Tercjak
21.1 Introduction, 384
21.2 BC Dressings, 385
21.3 Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 388
21.4 Concluding Remarks, 393
Acknowledgments, 394
References, 394
PART IV
22 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification 403
Muege Andac?, Igor Yu Galaev, and Adil Denizli
22.1 Introduction, 403
22.2 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification, 405
22.3 Some Selected Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels (MIC) for Macromolecules, 414
22.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives, 421
References, 423
23 Immunogenic Reaction of Implanted Biomaterials from Nature 429
Martijn Van Griensven and Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
23.1 Introduction, 429
23.2 Implantation Leads to Tissue Injury, 430
23.3 Inflammatory Responses, 431
23.4 Foreign Body Reaction, 433
23.5 Immunogenic Reactions Towards Natural Biomaterials, 435
23.6 Final Remarks, 438
References, 438
24 Chemical Modification of Biomaterials from Nature 444
J.C. Rodr?yguez Cabello, I. Gonz?alez De Torre, M. Santos, A.M. Testera, and M. Alonso
24.1 Protein Modification, 444
24.2 Lipid Modifications, 451
24.3 Polysaccharide Chemical Modifications, 457
References, 466
PART V
25 Processing of Biomedical Devices for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications 477
Vitor M. Correlo, Albino Martins, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
25.1 Introduction, 477
25.2 Processing Techniques of Naturally Derived Biomaterial, 478
25.3 Processing Techniques of Natural-Based Polymeric Blends, 483
References, 487
26 General Characterization of Physical Properties of Natural-Based Biomaterials 494
Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joaeo F. Mano
26.1 Introduction, 494
26.2 Bulk Properties, 495
26.3 Surface Properties, 507
26.4 Concluding Remarks, 512
Acknowledgments, 512
References, 512
27 General Characterization of Chemical Properties of Natural-Based Biomaterials 517
Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joaeo F. Mano
27.1 Introduction, 517
27.2 Molecular Weight and Elemental Composition, 518
27.3 Physiological Degradation, 524
27.4 Concluding Remarks, 527
Acknowledgments, 529
References, 529
28 In Vitro Biological Testing in the Development of New Devices 532
Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Albino Martins, Ana Costa-Pinto, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
28.1 Introduction, 532
28.2 Cytotoxicity Assays, 533
28.3 Evaluation of Cell Morphology and Distribution, 533
28.4 Cell Viability Assays, 535
28.5 Cell Proliferation Assays, 536
28.6 Biochemical Analysis, 537
28.7 Genotypic Expression Analysis, 541
28.8 Histological Assessment, 542
28.9 In Vitro Engineered Tissues, 543
28.10 Concluding Remarks, 548
References, 548
29 Advanced In-Vitro Cell Culture Methods Using Natural Biomaterials 551
Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
29.1 Introduction, 551
29.2 Bioreactors, 552
29.3 Hypoxia, 553
29.4 Co-Cultures, 555
29.5 Transfection, 555
29.6 Nanoparticles and Related Systems, 558
29.7 Concluding Remarks, 559
References, 559
30 Testing Natural Biomaterials in Animal Models 562
Ana Costa-Pinto, Tircia C. Santos, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
30.1 Laboratory Animals as Tools in Biomaterials Testing, 562
30.2 Inflammation and Host Reaction, 564
30.3 Animal Models for Tissue Engineering, 568
30.4 Final Remarks, 574
References, 575
PART VI
31 Delivery Systems Made of Natural-Origin Polymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications 583
Albino Martins, Helena Ferreira, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
31.1 Introduction, 583
31.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers-Based Delivery Systems, 585
31.3 Fundamentals of Drug Delivery, 586
31.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Applications of Natural-Based Delivery Systems, 591
31.5 Concluding Remarks, 601
References, 602
32 Translational Research into New Clinical Applications 612
M. David Harmon and Sangamesh G. Kumbar
32.1 Introduction, 612
32.2 Cardiovascular System Applications, 613
32.3 Integumentary System Applications, 616
32.4 Musculoskeletal System Applications, 618
32.5 Nervous System Applications, 619
32.6 Respiratory System Applications, 621
32.7 Gastrointestinal System Applications, 622
32.8 From Idea to Product, 624
Acknowledgements, 626
References, 626
33 Challenges and Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials for Advanced Devices and Therapies 629
R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
33.1 Introduction, 629
33.2 Challenges of Natural Biomaterials, 630
33.3 Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials, 631
33.4 Final Remarks, 631
References, 632
34 Adhesives Inspired by Marine Mussels 634
Courtney L. Jenkins, Heather J. Meredith, and Jonathan J. Wilker
34.1 Introduction, 634
34.2 Requirements for a Bioadhesive, 635
34.3 Marine Mussels, 636
34.4 Bulk Adhesion Testing, 638
34.5 Extracted Mussel Adhesive Proteins, 640
34.6 Mimics of Mussel Adhesive, 641
34.7 Conclusions, 645
Acknowledgement, 645
References, 645
35 Final Comments and Remarks 649
R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
INDEX 651