Understanding Statistics

PREFACECHAPTER 1: Introduction1-1 Statistics in Everyday Life1-2 Some Statistical Terms1-3 Approximate NumbersStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularyExercisesClass SurveyClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsClass ExperimentsCHAPTER 2: Common Statistical Measures2-1 Measures of Central Tendency2-2 Symbols and FormulasExercises2-3 Measures of Variability2-3-1The Range2-3-2 The Standard Deviation2-3-3 FormulasExercises2-4 Some Measures of an Individual in a Population2-4-1 z-Scores2-4-2 Percentile Rank and Percentiles2-4-3 QuartilesExercises2-5 RatesStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsClass ExperimentCHAPTER 3: Frequency Tables and GraphsGoals3-1 Organizing the Data3-1-1 Stem-and-Leaf Display3-1-2 Frequency Tables3-1-3 Bar Graphs and Histograms3-1-4 Reading Histrograms3-2 Percentile Rank, z-Scores and GraphsStudy AidsChapter SummarySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsClass ExperimentsSample Test for Chapters 1, 2, and 3CHAPTER 4: ProbabilityGoals4-1 Probability4-2 Probability and HistogramsStudy AidsChapter SummarySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsCHAPTER 5: The Binomial Distribution5-1 Variables5-2 Binomial Random VariablesStudy AidsChapter SummarySymbolsExercisesClass Survey QuestionsClass Experiments5-3 Binomial Probability TablesCHAPTER 6: The Normal DistributionGoals6-1 Binomial Histograms6-2 The Theoretical Normal Curve6-2-1 Use of the Normal Curve Table6-2-2 The Normal Curve Table and Raw ScoresStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsExercisesClass Survey QuestionsClass ExperimentsCHAPTER 7: Approximation of the Binomial Distribution by Use of the Normal DistributionGoals7-1 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution7-2 Conditions for Approximating a Binomial Distribution by Use of a Normal DistributionStudy AidsChapter SummarySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectClass ExperimentsSample Test for Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 7CHAPTER 8: Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Test of Percentages in Binomial ExperimentsGoals8-1 Statistical Hypotheses8-1-1 Testing the Null Hypothesis8-1-2 One-Trail and Two-Tail Alternative Hypotheses8-1-3 Decision Rules8-2 Statistical ErrorsExercises8-3 More about Type I Errors and Decision RulesExercises8-4 More about Type II Errors (Optional)8-4-1 Calculating a Value for B for a Given p8-4-2 The Power of a TestExercises8-5 Hypothesis - Testing ProceduresStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesA Brief Summary of a Hypothesis TestExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsExample of a Field ProjectSolution for This ProjectSuggested ProjectsCHAPTER 9: Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Tests of Percentages in Binomial ExperimentsGoals9-1 Symbols for Estimates9-2 A Distribution of Differences9-3 Two-Sample Binomial Hypotheses TestsStudy AidsChapter SummarySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionField ProjectsExample of a Two-Sample Binomial Field ProjectCHAPTER 10: Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means: Large SamplesGoals10-1 Sample Means10-1-1 Theoretical Distribution of Sample Means10-1-2 Central Limit Theorem10-1-3 Estimating the Standard Deviation of a Distribution of Sample MeansExercises10-2 Two-Sample Tests of Means - Large SamplesStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsClass ExperimentsCHAPTER 11: Hypothesis Testing with Sample Means: Small SamplesGoals11-1 Student's t-DistributionExercises11-2 Two-Sample t-TestsExercises11-3 A t-Test for Paired Differences, Matched-Pair DesignsStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionField ProjectClass ExperimentSample Test for Chapters 8, 9, 10, and 11CHAPTER 12: Confidence IntervalsGoals12-1 Confidence Intervals for Proportions in Binomial ExperimentsExercises12-2 Confidence Intervals for Means Based on Large-SamplesExercises12-3 Confidence Intervals for Means Based on Small-SamplesExercises12-4 Two-Sample Confidence Intervals for Differences12-4-1 Differences between Two Proportions12-4-2 Differences between Two MeansStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularyFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionField ProjectsCHAPTER 13: Chi SquareGoals13-1 Chi Square Tests of Independence13-2 Degrees of Freedom in a Contingency Table13-3 A Shorter Way to Compute X 213-4 2 by 2 Contingency Tables13-5 Goodness of Fit Test Study AidsChapter SummaryGuidelines for a Chi-Square TestVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectsSample Test For Chapters 12 and 13CHAPTER 14: Correlation and PredictionGoals14-1 Correlation CoefficientsExercises14-2 Testing the Significance of rExercises14-3 Prediction Based on Linear Correlation 14-3-1 Interpretation of b14-4 The Coefficient of DeterminationStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectClass ExperimentsCHAPTER 15: Tests Involving VarianceGoalsIntroduction15-1 One-Sample Tests of Variance15-2 Two-Sample Comparisons of Variance (via the F-test)15-2-1 One-Tail Tests for Comparison of Variance15-2-2 Two-Tail Tests for Comparison of Variance15-3 Using Sample Variances to Make Inferences About Means - An Introduction to the Analysis of VarianceStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionField ProjectsCHAPTER 16: Nonparametric TestsGoals16-1 The Sign Test for Matched Pairs of DataExercises16-2 The Runs Test for RandomnessExercises16-3 The Mann-Whitney U-Test for Comparison of Ranks16-3-1 Small-Sample, One-Tail Tests16-3-2 Small-Sample, Two-Tail Tests16-3-3 Large-Sample Tests16-3-4 The Case of TiesStudy AidsChapter SummaryVocabularySymbolsFormulasExercisesClass Survey QuestionsField ProjectSample Test for Chapters 14, 15, and 16APPENDICESA Arithmetic ReviewB Using A Random Digit TableC ProbabilityD TablesANSWERSINDEX