Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Communication
Published on 18. November 2025
Book
Hardback
1904 pages
978-1-0353-0143-0 (ISBN)
Description
This Encyclopedia covers the vast field of political communication, presenting an authoritative overview of its key foundational theories and empirical methodologies. Authored by nearly 600 experts from across the globe, it explores diverse areas of inquiry, foreshadowing future trends and avenues for research.
Highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of political communication, the Encyclopedia engages with a range of topics from election campaigns, news and journalism, to interpersonal communication, social media, and psychological mechanisms of information processing. Entries are concise and accessible, critically examining the role of the communicator, the message, the medium, and the receiver, as well as applications to broader societal issues.
Key Features:
Thoroughly comprehensive with over 400 entries written by leading scholars and researchers
Expands the boundaries of political communication beyond usual Western-centric conceptions
Provides insights into a wide variety of topics, approaches, paradigms, methodologies, and perspectives
Students and scholars of media and communication, political science, sociology, international relations, public administration and management, and social sciences in general will greatly benefit from this essential Encyclopedia. It is also a vital resource for researchers and international policy professionals seeking to understand cutting-edge developments in the field.
Highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of political communication, the Encyclopedia engages with a range of topics from election campaigns, news and journalism, to interpersonal communication, social media, and psychological mechanisms of information processing. Entries are concise and accessible, critically examining the role of the communicator, the message, the medium, and the receiver, as well as applications to broader societal issues.
Key Features:
Thoroughly comprehensive with over 400 entries written by leading scholars and researchers
Expands the boundaries of political communication beyond usual Western-centric conceptions
Provides insights into a wide variety of topics, approaches, paradigms, methodologies, and perspectives
Students and scholars of media and communication, political science, sociology, international relations, public administration and management, and social sciences in general will greatly benefit from this essential Encyclopedia. It is also a vital resource for researchers and international policy professionals seeking to understand cutting-edge developments in the field.
More details
Series
Language
English
Place of publication
Cheltenham
United Kingdom
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 244 mm
Width: 169 mm
ISBN-13
978-1-0353-0143-0 (9781035301430)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Persons
Edited by Alessandro Nai, Associate Professor of Political Communication, Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Max Groemping, Senior Lecturer, School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Australia and Dominique Wirz, Assistant Professor of Youth & Media Entertainment, Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Content
Contents
Introduction: Mapping political communication xxxiii
Alessandro Nai, Max Groemping and Dominique Wirz
Entries A-E
Accent bias 3
Matteo Bonotti and Louisa Willoughby
Activism 7
Angel Barbas
Affective polarization 11
Alexa Bankert and Tabitha Lamberth
Agenda building 15
Isabelle Roth Borucki
Agenda cutting 19
Yosuke Buchmeier
Agenda melding 24
Christine McWhorter
Agenda setting 28
Marcus Maurer
Agenda surfing 32
Curd Knuepfer
Algorithmic biases 36
Aleksandra Urman and Mykola Makhortykh
Algorithmic curation 40
Natalia Umansky and Cornelius Puschmann
Algorithmic enclaves 44
Merlyna Lim
Algorithmic folklore 49
Laura Savolainen, Minna Ruckenstein and Eija Stark
The alt-right 54
Danny W. Carroll II and Khadija Khaja
Alternative media 58
Kristoffer Holt
Ambiguity 62
Pawel Koniak and Wojciech Cwalina
Americanization 67
Rossana Sampugnaro
Anger 71
Steven W. Webster
Anonymity 75
Akriti Gaur
Anti-populism 79
Vlastimil Havlik and Alena Kluknavska
Appraisal theories of emotions 84
Dominique Wirz
Artificial intelligence 88
Claes de Vreese
Astroturfing 92
Marko Kovic and Adrian Rauchfleisch
Audience fragmentation 97
Raluca-Nicoleta Radu
Authenticity 101
Simon M. Luebke
Authoritarian populism 105
Dan Paget
Autocratic information control 109
Maria Elize H. Mendoza and Aries
A. Arugay
Automated journalism 113
Wang Ngai Yeung and Tomas Dodds
Belief echoes 118
Paul Reilly
Big Five 122
Xiaowen Xu and Danny Osborne
Blame attribution 126
Michael Hameleers
Bots and autonomous agents 131
Vasilisa Kuznetsova and Cornelius Puschmann
Brokerage 136
Fatima Gaw and Cheryll Ruth R. Soriano
"Bullshit" 140
Olaf Hoffjann
Campaign finance 144
Sam Power
Campaign posters 148
Dennis Steffan
Campaign professionalization 152
Christina Holtz-Bacha
Campaign rallies 157
Alia Middleton
Campaign saturation 161
Julio Juarez-Gamiz
Candidate appearance 166
Susana Rogeiro Nina and Jose Santana-Pereira
Canvassing 170
Simon Kruschinski
Cartoons 175
Cherian George
Censorship 180
Philipp Matthias Lutscher
Character assassination 184
Sergei A. Samoilenko, Martijn Icks and Eric Shiraev
Charismatic leadership 188
Andrew P. Davis and Adam James Goldfarb
Cheapfakes 192
Dren Gerguri
Citizen journalism 196
Gabbie Puzon and Melissa Wall
Civic engagement 200
Anna Radiukiewicz
Claims analysis 204
Alena Kluknavska
Clickbait media 208
Jean Linis-Dinco
Climate communication 212
Sarah A. Geegan, Samantha N. Pfeiffer and Kimberly Ann Parker
Cognitive dissonance 216
Cornelia Mothes
Collective narcissism 221
Agnieszka Golec de Zavala
Communication accommodation
theory 227
Teri Terigele and Yan Bing Zhang
Communicative sovereignty 231
Katherine M. A. Reilly
Community media 235
Susan Forde
Computational approaches 240
Joerg Hassler and Mario Haim
Computational propaganda 245
Hossein Kermani
Confirmation bias 250
Ling Liu
Conflict avoidance 254
Jennifer Wolak
Conflict framing 258
Emma van der Goot
Conjoint experiments 262
Erik Knudsen
Connective action 266
Hossein Kermani
Conservative news 271
A. J. Bauer
Conspiracy theories 275
Tim Schatto-Eckrodt and Lena Frischlich
Constructive journalism 280
Karen McIntyre
Content creators 284
Taylor Annabell, Catalina Goanta and Haoyang Gui
Content moderation 288
Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero
Coordinated campaigns 292
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos
Countering violent extremism 297
Miraji Hassan Mohamed and Loise Macharia
Counterpublics 302
Dennis Leung
COVID-19 307
Milos Gregor
Creativity 311
Terence Lee
Crisis communication 316
Wouter Jong
Critical Discourse Analysis 320
Kurt Sengul
Critical Media Studies 324
Brian L. Ott
Critical Race Theory 328
Bill Yousman
Cross-cutting exposure 332
Lara Kobilke
Crowdsourcing journalism 336
Nina Springer
Cultivation theory 341
Sydney Elaine Brammer and Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter
Cultural studies 345
GL Hernandez
Culture jamming 349
Elena Block
Dark personality traits 354
Alessandro Nai
Dark web 358
Marco Waehner
Data donations 362
Felicia Loecherbach
Data journalism 366
Silke Fuerst
Data-driven campaigning 370
Katharine Dommett
Decision-making 374
Sonia Jawaid Shaikh
Deepfakes 379
Teresa Weikmann
Dehumanizing language 383
Isabella Goncalves
Deliberation 387
Ine Goovaerts
Demagogy 391
Cristiano Gianolla
Democratic legitimacy 396
Matthew A. Placek
Democratization 400
Meli Mthabisi Ncube
Development journalism 405
Rasha Allam
Diaspora media 408
Tendai Chari
Digital activism 412
Charlotte Meier
Digital authoritarianism 416
Masduki and Rivi Handayani
Digital culture 420
Anirban Kapil Baishya
Digital divide 424
Matias Dodel
Digital fandom 428
Christine Hiu Ying Choy and Kitty Shuet Ying Ho
Digital heuristics 432
Andreas Schaefer
Digital intra-party democracy 437
Giulia Sandri
Digital journalism 442
Javier Diaz-Noci
Digital memory 446
Mykola Makhortykh
Digital surveillance 450
Laszlo Horvath
Digital trace data 454
Andreas Jungherr
Dirty campaigning 458
Franz Reiter
Discursive polarization 462
Hendrik Meyer and Michael Brueggemann
Disease 467
Amy-Louise Byrne
Dissonant communication 472
Barbara Pfetsch
Echo chambers 477
Ludovic Terren
Economic news 481
Rens Vliegenthart
Editorial journalism 485
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques, Edna Miola and Andressa Butture Kniess
Elaboration Likelihood Model 489
Andrew Luttrell and Caelie P. McRobert
Election advertising 493
Jielu Yao, Markus Neumann and Erika Franklin Fowler
Election campaigns on social media 498
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Elisa Kannasto and Aleksi Knuutila
Electoral integrity 502
Emre Toros
Elite networks 506
Cantay Caliskan
Emotional appeals 510
Franziska Marquart
Emotions in journalism 514
Johana Kotisova
Engaged journalism 518
Debora Medeiros
Engagement with politicians 521
Marton Bene
Equivalence and emphasis frames 525
Britta C. Brugman
Ethics of AI 529
Alessio Tartaro and Mihaly Heder
European Union 533
Olga Eisele and Tobias Heidenreich
Expectancy violations theory 537
Judee K. Burgoon
Experience sampling 541
Lukas P. Otto and Mareike Wieland
Experiments 545
Philipp Mueller
Expert surveys 549
Maurits J. Meijers and Nina Wiesehomeier
Expertise 555
Markus Lehmkuhl and Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann
Extra-factual information 559
Kelly M. Greenhill
Extremist propaganda 563
Diana Rieger and Lena Frischlich
Eye tracking 568
Heleen Dekoninck and Desiree Schmuck
Entries F-M
Fact-checking
Michelle A. Amazeen
3
Fake news
Brian L. Ott
7
Far-right communication
Curd Knuepfer
11
Fear appeals
Nicholas Charles D'Amico
16
Feminist perspectives
Lenka Vochocova
21
Fictional entertainment
Torgeir Uberg Naerland
25
Fictional populism
Silvija Vukovic
29
Filter bubbles
Marilu Miotto, Jin Wan and Fabio Votta
33
Forecasting
Louis Robert William Bromfield and Jack Tudor
38
Foreign reporting
Regina Cazzamatta
43
Fourth Estate
Afonso de Albuquerque
47
Frame alignment
Michiel De Vydt
51
Frame building
Ayesha Jehangir
56
Frame contestation
Jessica E. Boscarino
61
Framing
Regula Haenggli Fricker
65
Framing effects
Florin Zai and Michelle Moeri
70
Freedom of speech
Kari Steen-Johnsen, Karoline Andrea Ihlebaek and Bente Kalsnes
74
Freelance journalism
Henry Silke and Kathryn Hayes
78
Functional Theory
William Lyon Benoit
83
Gatewatching
Axel Bruns
87
Gender
Tobias Rohrbach, Loes Aaldering, and Daphne van der Pas
92
Grounded Theory
Vivian Bonita Martin
96
Group appeals
Lena Maria Huber and Simon Stueckelberger
100
Guerrilla marketing
Alexander L. Fattal
105
Hacks and leaks
Philip Di Salvo
109
Hate speech
Maria Antonia Paz-Rebollo and Francisco Segado-Boj
113
Hegemonic media
Antonieta Mercado
117
The heuristic-systematic model
Ines Engelmann and Corinna Oschatz
122
Hierarchy of influences
Andre K. Rodarte and Robert J. Richardson
127
High-choice media environments
Laia Castro
131
Horserace journalism
Richard Thomas
135
The hostile media effect
Richard M. Perloff
139
Hyperactive users
Orestis Papakyriakopoulos
143
Hyperpartisan news
Ernesto de Leon
147
Identity
Elena Block
152
Identity propaganda
Madhavi Reddi
157
Ideological asymmetry
Zea Szebeni and Virpi Salojaervi
161
Ideology
Angelos Kissas
165
Image repair
William Lyon Benoit
169
Immersive journalism
Hannah Greber
173
Immigration
Laura Jacobs
177
Implicit attitudes
Luqiu Luwei Rose
181
Incidental news exposure
Matthew Barnidge
185
Incivility
Patricia Rossini
189
Indexing theory
Shabir Hussain and Farrukh Shahzad
193
Indigenous language news
Wunpini Fatimata Mohammed, Hardi Shahadu and Lukman Mahami Adams
197
Indigenous media studies
Jason Paolo Telles
202
Inequality
Daniel Streeter Lane and Hannah Elizabeth Overbye-Thompson
207
Infodemic
Felix M. Simon and Chico Q. Camargo
211
Infographics
William L. Allen and Eedan R. Amit-Danhi
215
Information cues in referenda
Adrien Petitpas, Andrea Barbieri and Pascal Sciarini
219
Information ethics
Lavinia Rotili
223
Information fatigue
Julia Metag
228
Information processing
Erin B. Fitz
232
Informedness
Luise Anter
236
Infotainment
Isabella Glogger
240
Inoculation
Bobi Ivanov and Kimberly Ann Parker
244
Inspirational media
Lena Frischlich, Lindsay Hahn, and Diana Rieger
249
Instant messaging
Camila Mont'Alverne and Isabele Mitozo
253
Interest groups
Max Groemping, Darren Halpin, and Anne Sofie Cornelius Nielsen
258
Intergroup bias
Alexandra Schaefer Hinck
263
Intergroup communication
Adrian Lueders
268
International communication
Sofia Jose Santos and Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho
272
International negotiations
Tatiana Coutto
276
Internet shutdowns
Kristin Eichhorn
280
Interpersonal communication
Eran Amsalem and Omer Ben Simhon
285
Interpersonal disagreement
German Neubaum, Luna T. Frauhammer, and Jana H. Dreston
289
Intersectionality
Briar Dickey and Niels Spierings
293
Intimate ethos
Irene Lis Gindin
297
Investigative journalism
Andrea Carson
301
Irony
Josh Averbeck and Zaynab Yusuf
306
Islamic-Western relations
Kai Hafez
310
Issue ownership
Henrik Bech Seeberg
315
Journalism as a public good
Roman Winkelhahn
318
Journalism education
Saba Bebawi
322
Journalist safety
Jonathan Achee Solis
326
Journalistic gatekeeping
Lars-Ole Wehden
330
Journalistic roles
Andreas A. Riedl and Thomas Hanitzsch
335
Journalistic sources
Sophie Lecheler
339
Journalistic values
Lavinia Rotili
343
Knowledge gap
Marvin Stecker and Fabienne Lind
348
Language complexity
Alivia Zubrod and Lucian Gideon Conway III
352
Large language models
Johannes Berthold Gruber and Fabio Antonello Votta
356
Leader credibility
Pooja Sharma and Varsha Jain
361
Legacy media
Andreas Widholm
366
Legal journalism
Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi
370
Letters to leaders
Daniel Casey and Brandon Rottinghaus
374
Limited capacity model
Jacob T. Fisher, Chen (Crystal) Chen, and Jay Jennings
378
Linkage studies
Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Nina Ameseder
382
Listening
Kate Lacey
386
Local news
Bernadette Uth
390
Logos in political communication
Matteo C.M. Casiraghi and Eugenio Cusumano
394
Machine learning
Jessica Di Cocco and Bernardo Monechi
398
Mainstreaming
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Brigitte Naderer
403
Marxism
Nicolo Pennucci
408
Media balkanization theory
William Lyon Benoit and Andrew Charles Billings
411
Media bias
Tim Groeling and Je Hoon Chae
416
Media capture
David Jofre
420
Media criticism
Jana Laura Egelhofer
425
Media deregulation
Kristy Hess and Agnes Gulyas
429
Media distrust
Ana Perez-Escoda
433
Media ecology
Carlos A. Scolari
437
Media effect duration
Fabian Thomas
441
Media effects on political elites
Chitralekha Basu and Lennart Schuermann
445
Media fragmentation
Robbyn E.B. Taylor
449
Media linguistics
Astrid Vandendaele
453
Media literacy
W. James Potter
457
Media logic
Ulrike Klinger and Jakob Svensson
461
Media malaise
Andreas R.T. Schuck
465
Media ownership
Rodney Benson
469
Media pluralism
Anda Rozukalne
473
Media populism
Giuliano Bobba and Antonella Seddone
477
Media storms
David Dumouchel and Thierry Giasson
481
Media systems
Diego Ceccobelli and Marco Mazzoni
485
Mediatization
Sina Blassnig
489
Memes
Thomas Galipeau
493
Memory
Nicole Maurantonio
497
Message amplification
Yini Zhang
501
Meta-analyses
Shelley Boulianne
505
Meta-cognitive myopia
Myrto Pantazi
509
Metaphorical framing
Britta C. Brugman
513
Microblogging
Yannik Peters and Caja Thimm
517
Microtargeting
Sanne Kruikemeier
521
Minimal effects theory
Dylan M. McLemore and Christopher R. Roland
525
Misinformation and disinformation
Edda Humprecht
529
Mobile political communication
Jakob Ohme
534
Mobilization
Karolina Koc-Michalska, Darren G. Lilleker and Amanda Haraldsson
539
Moral appeals
Frederic Rene Hopp and Linda Bos
543
Mortality salience
Lindsey A. Harvell-Bowman, Brian Burke and Mark J. Landau
547
Motivated reasoning
Moreno Mancosu and Federico Vegetti
551
Multimodal communication
Katarina Pettersson and Jari Martikainen
555
Music
Lyndon C.S. Way
Entries N-Z
Narrative characters
Rebecca Frazer, Matthew Grizzard, and Emily Moyer-Guse
3
Narrative persuasion
Nicholas Haas and Emmy Lindstam
8
Narrowcasting
Sahika Goerguelue
12
Nationalism
Francisco Seoane Perez
16
Natural language processing
Zhijing Jin, Rada Mihalcea, and Bernhard Schoelkopf
20
Need for cognition
Jose Santana-Pereira
25
Negative campaigning
Alessandro Nai and Philipp Mendoza
29
Negativity bias
Stuart Soroka
34
Network analysis
Hyunjin Song
37
Networked journalism
Sharon Meraz
41
Networked public spheres
Katharina Esau and Axel Bruns
46
Neuroscience
Melissa N. Baker, Cayleb Stives, and Olivia Neufeld
51
New global communication order
Anilesh Kumar
55
News aggregation
Laurence Dierickx and Carl-Gustav Linden
59
News avoidance
Kim Andersen and Stephanie Edgerly
63
News coverage of politics
Travis N. Ridout and Taewoo Kang
67
News deserts
Joy Jenkins
71
News finds me
Javier Serrano-Puche, Jordi Rodriguez-Virgili, and Aurken Sierra
75
News media quality
Melanie Magin
79
News production
Rodrigo Zamith
83
News recommender systems
Michael A. Beam and Zhixin (Giselle) Pu
87
News sharing on social media
Anna Sophie Kuempel
91
News values
Helen Caple
95
Newsroom
Tomas Dodds and Wang Ngai Yeung
99
Nonverbal political communication
Delia Dumitrescu
103
Nudging
Peter John and Blake Lee-Whiting
107
Objectivity
Zixiu Liu and Jianan Zhu
110
Online campaigning
Marius Saeltzer and L. Constantin Wurthmann
114
Online community management
Dominique Heinbach and Marike Bormann
118
Online news engagement
Sina Blassnig and Dominique S. Wirz
123
Open science
Tobias Dienlin, Sanne Kruikemeier, and Douglas A. Parry
127
Otherness and othering
Javier Garcia-Marin, Belen Fernandez-Garcia, and Oscar Luengo
131
Parliamentary debates
Nora Wenzl
135
Participatory media cultures
L. Lusike Mukhongo
139
Participatory persuasion
Kacheng Fang and Jing Guo
144
Party manifestos
Pola Lehmann
148
Party pledges
Petia Kostadinova
152
Party-voter linkages
Tristan Klingelhoefer
156
Peace journalism
Muhammad Sultan Malik and Annika Sehl
161
Perceived incivility
Chiara Vargiu
165
Peripheral media actors
Ane Mestvedthagen and David Cheruiyot
169
Permanent campaigning
Darren G. Lilleker and Icaro Joathan
174
Personal brands
Elisa Kannasto
178
Personalization of politics
Katjana Gattermann
182
Persuasion
Wojciech Cwalina and Pawel Koniak
186
Pictorial health warnings
Rendro Dhani
191
Platformization
David B. Nieborg, Thomas Poell, and Jose van Dijck
195
Polarization
Julia Simon and Jakob Wiedekind
199
Politeness theory
Aimee E. Miller-Ott
204
Political consultants
Stephen K. Medvic
208
Political consumerism
Christopher Starke and Ole Kelm
212
Political correctness
Martina Thiele and Mandy Troeger
216
Political debasement
Ofer Feldman and Sam Lehman-Wilzig
221
Political disagreement
Gina M. Masullo
226
Political economy of media
Lambrini Papadopoulou
230
Political efficacy
Jennifer Oser
234
Political entertainment
Huma Rasheed and Dannagal Goldthwaite Young
238
Political humor
Jody C. Baumgartner
242
Political influencers
Thijs Albert Jan Kelder, Jacob van de Kerkhof, and Giovanni de Gregorio
246
Political journalism
Bengt Johansson
251
Political knowledge
Sangwon Lee
256
Political marketing
Jennifer Lees-Marshment and Salma Malik
260
Political parallelism
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques , Edna Miola, and Afonso de Albuquerque
265
Political scandals
Christian von Sikorski
269
Political violence
Ruben Bordalo Ferreira and Raquel Beleza da Silva
274
Politicization
279
Polycrisis
Tamsin Parnell
283
Popularity indicators
Pablo Jost
287
Populism and nationalism
Luca Manucci
291
Populist attitudes
Anne Schulz and Alexander Wuttke
296
Populist communication
Linda Bos
300
Post-truth
Silvio Waisbord
304
Postcolonial political communication
Bruce Mutsvairo
309
Postmodern campaigns
Angie K. Gonzalez G., Catalina Uribe Rincon, and Omar Rincon
313
Prebunking
Chikezie E. Uzuegbunam
317
Predictive journalism
Nicholas Diakopoulos
321
Preference falsification
Xiaoxiao Shen and Eddy S. F. Yeung
325
Prejudice
Daniela Alonso and Hugo H. Rabbia
329
Presidential communication
Joshua M. Scacco and Aya Diab
334
Press freedom
Lambrini Papadopoulou and Theodora A. Maniou
339
Press releases
Uta Russmann
344
Priming
Wojciech Cwalina and Pawel Koniak
348
Privacy
Johanna E. Moeller
353
Propaganda
Mykola Makhortykh and Aleksandra Urman
358
Protest framing
Jelena Kleut and Ana Milojevic
362
Protest responsiveness
Luna Staes and Ruud Wouters
366
Protest selection
Ruud Wouters and Luna Staes
371
Public diplomacy
Beata Ociepka
375
Public opinion
Mona Krewel
379
Public service media
Lea Sophia Lehner and Annika Sehl
383
Public sphere
Elena Escalante-Block
388
Quantitative content analysis
Knut De Swert, Xiaoyang Zhao, and Elif Kilik
392
Queer studies
Jimmie Manning
397
Racialization
Ana-Nzinga Weiss and Katharina Tittel
402
Radicalization
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Diana Rieger
406
Radio
Aniruddha Jena and Vinod Pavarala
411
Referendum campaigns
Theresa Reidy
416
Representation styles
Stefano Camatarri and Marta Gallina
421
Resistance to persuasion
Chiara Valli
425
Rhetoric
Brian L. Ott
429
Satire
Mark Boukes
433
Schadenfreude
Jessica Gall Myrick, Jin Chen, and Jiaqi 'Agnes' Bao
437
Science communication
Chun-Ju Huang
441
Search engines
Marieke van Hoof
445
Second screening
Brigitte Huber
449
Selective exposure
Ana Sofia Cardenal
452
Self-censorship
Rachel Brock
457
Self-effects
Fabian Prochazka
461
Self-reported media exposure
Marko Bachl
465
Semiotics
Brian L. Ott
469
Sensational news
Yu-Leung Ng
473
Sentiment analysis
Mariken A.C.G. van der Velden, Natalia Umansky Casapa, and Christian Pipal
477
Sexism
Gilda Sensales and Laura Prislei
481
Shadowbans
Kokil Jaidka
487
Social identity theory
Yuko Sato
491
Social marketing strategy
Kimberly Ann Parker, Sarah Ann Geegan, and Erin Berger Hester
495
Social media affordances
Marcelo Santos and Sebastian Valenzuela
499
Social media as news source
Corinna Oschatz and Marcel Broersma
503
Social media use
Sherice Gearhart and Ioana Alexandra Coman
507
Social movements and protest
Doron Shultziner
512
Social responsibility initiatives
Nicole H. O'Donnell
516
Soft power
Bruno Lovric
520
Soft propaganda
Lucie Lu
524
Sophistication
Marta Gallina and Stefano Camatarri
528
Source credibility
Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg
532
Sovereign citizens
Scott J. Varda
536
Spin
Ruth Garland
540
Spiral of silence
Jule Scheper and Marius Gerads
544
Spokesperson
Jose Miguel Rojo-Martinez
548
Sport
Jason Paolo Telles
552
Stancetaking
Valentyna Ushchyna, Oksana Shkamarda, and Laryssa Kyrychuk
556
Statistics in the news
Jairo Lugo-Ocando and Ahmed Farouk Radwan
560
Stereotypes
Ignacio Lopez-Escarcena
564
Storytelling
Karin Liebhart
568
Subliminal messages
Simon Ruch and Thomas P. Reber
573
Survey research
Blake Lee-Whiting
577
System justification
Melanie Langer
580
Tabloids
Marco Bastos
584
Televised debates
Juergen Maier
588
Terrorism
Amelie Godefroidt
592
Third-level agenda setting
Mariam F. Alkazemi and Deb Aikat
597
Third-person effect
Raluca Buturoiu and Nicoleta Corbu
602
Time and nostalgia
Theofilos Gkinopoulos
606
Town halls
Steven Gregory Perry
610
Toxicity in online discourse
Paola Pascual-Ferra
614
Trauma and journalism
Stephen Stewart
618
Trojan horse discourse
Michiel Luining and Tom Van Hout
623
Trust
Andrea Ceron and Alessio Scopelliti
627
Two-step flow
Adolfo Carratala
631
Unelected representation
Andrea Vik
636
User comments
Svenja Schaefer and Anna Maria Planitzer
641
User-defined repertoires
Sakshi Bhalla and Harsh Taneja
647
Valence issues
Jan Philipp Thomeczek
651
Values
Mira Sotirovic
655
Video as data
Bryce J. Dietrich and Hyein Ko
660
Viewpoint diversity exposure
Lara Kobilke
664
Virality
Juan S. Victoria, Jose B. Arjona, and Alfonso Mendiz
668
Visual framing
Lulu Rodriguez and Daniela Dimitrova
673
Voice pitch
Aurelie De Waele
677
Voter uncertainty
Darren G. Lilleker
681
Voting advice applications
Diego Garzia and Stefan Marschall
685
Voting behavior
Andrea De Angelis
689
Vox pops
Kathleen Beckers
693
War journalism
Dariya Orlova
697
Xenophobia
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
701
Youth
Frank Reichert
705
Introduction: Mapping political communication xxxiii
Alessandro Nai, Max Groemping and Dominique Wirz
Entries A-E
Accent bias 3
Matteo Bonotti and Louisa Willoughby
Activism 7
Angel Barbas
Affective polarization 11
Alexa Bankert and Tabitha Lamberth
Agenda building 15
Isabelle Roth Borucki
Agenda cutting 19
Yosuke Buchmeier
Agenda melding 24
Christine McWhorter
Agenda setting 28
Marcus Maurer
Agenda surfing 32
Curd Knuepfer
Algorithmic biases 36
Aleksandra Urman and Mykola Makhortykh
Algorithmic curation 40
Natalia Umansky and Cornelius Puschmann
Algorithmic enclaves 44
Merlyna Lim
Algorithmic folklore 49
Laura Savolainen, Minna Ruckenstein and Eija Stark
The alt-right 54
Danny W. Carroll II and Khadija Khaja
Alternative media 58
Kristoffer Holt
Ambiguity 62
Pawel Koniak and Wojciech Cwalina
Americanization 67
Rossana Sampugnaro
Anger 71
Steven W. Webster
Anonymity 75
Akriti Gaur
Anti-populism 79
Vlastimil Havlik and Alena Kluknavska
Appraisal theories of emotions 84
Dominique Wirz
Artificial intelligence 88
Claes de Vreese
Astroturfing 92
Marko Kovic and Adrian Rauchfleisch
Audience fragmentation 97
Raluca-Nicoleta Radu
Authenticity 101
Simon M. Luebke
Authoritarian populism 105
Dan Paget
Autocratic information control 109
Maria Elize H. Mendoza and Aries
A. Arugay
Automated journalism 113
Wang Ngai Yeung and Tomas Dodds
Belief echoes 118
Paul Reilly
Big Five 122
Xiaowen Xu and Danny Osborne
Blame attribution 126
Michael Hameleers
Bots and autonomous agents 131
Vasilisa Kuznetsova and Cornelius Puschmann
Brokerage 136
Fatima Gaw and Cheryll Ruth R. Soriano
"Bullshit" 140
Olaf Hoffjann
Campaign finance 144
Sam Power
Campaign posters 148
Dennis Steffan
Campaign professionalization 152
Christina Holtz-Bacha
Campaign rallies 157
Alia Middleton
Campaign saturation 161
Julio Juarez-Gamiz
Candidate appearance 166
Susana Rogeiro Nina and Jose Santana-Pereira
Canvassing 170
Simon Kruschinski
Cartoons 175
Cherian George
Censorship 180
Philipp Matthias Lutscher
Character assassination 184
Sergei A. Samoilenko, Martijn Icks and Eric Shiraev
Charismatic leadership 188
Andrew P. Davis and Adam James Goldfarb
Cheapfakes 192
Dren Gerguri
Citizen journalism 196
Gabbie Puzon and Melissa Wall
Civic engagement 200
Anna Radiukiewicz
Claims analysis 204
Alena Kluknavska
Clickbait media 208
Jean Linis-Dinco
Climate communication 212
Sarah A. Geegan, Samantha N. Pfeiffer and Kimberly Ann Parker
Cognitive dissonance 216
Cornelia Mothes
Collective narcissism 221
Agnieszka Golec de Zavala
Communication accommodation
theory 227
Teri Terigele and Yan Bing Zhang
Communicative sovereignty 231
Katherine M. A. Reilly
Community media 235
Susan Forde
Computational approaches 240
Joerg Hassler and Mario Haim
Computational propaganda 245
Hossein Kermani
Confirmation bias 250
Ling Liu
Conflict avoidance 254
Jennifer Wolak
Conflict framing 258
Emma van der Goot
Conjoint experiments 262
Erik Knudsen
Connective action 266
Hossein Kermani
Conservative news 271
A. J. Bauer
Conspiracy theories 275
Tim Schatto-Eckrodt and Lena Frischlich
Constructive journalism 280
Karen McIntyre
Content creators 284
Taylor Annabell, Catalina Goanta and Haoyang Gui
Content moderation 288
Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero
Coordinated campaigns 292
Mathias-Felipe de-Lima-Santos
Countering violent extremism 297
Miraji Hassan Mohamed and Loise Macharia
Counterpublics 302
Dennis Leung
COVID-19 307
Milos Gregor
Creativity 311
Terence Lee
Crisis communication 316
Wouter Jong
Critical Discourse Analysis 320
Kurt Sengul
Critical Media Studies 324
Brian L. Ott
Critical Race Theory 328
Bill Yousman
Cross-cutting exposure 332
Lara Kobilke
Crowdsourcing journalism 336
Nina Springer
Cultivation theory 341
Sydney Elaine Brammer and Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter
Cultural studies 345
GL Hernandez
Culture jamming 349
Elena Block
Dark personality traits 354
Alessandro Nai
Dark web 358
Marco Waehner
Data donations 362
Felicia Loecherbach
Data journalism 366
Silke Fuerst
Data-driven campaigning 370
Katharine Dommett
Decision-making 374
Sonia Jawaid Shaikh
Deepfakes 379
Teresa Weikmann
Dehumanizing language 383
Isabella Goncalves
Deliberation 387
Ine Goovaerts
Demagogy 391
Cristiano Gianolla
Democratic legitimacy 396
Matthew A. Placek
Democratization 400
Meli Mthabisi Ncube
Development journalism 405
Rasha Allam
Diaspora media 408
Tendai Chari
Digital activism 412
Charlotte Meier
Digital authoritarianism 416
Masduki and Rivi Handayani
Digital culture 420
Anirban Kapil Baishya
Digital divide 424
Matias Dodel
Digital fandom 428
Christine Hiu Ying Choy and Kitty Shuet Ying Ho
Digital heuristics 432
Andreas Schaefer
Digital intra-party democracy 437
Giulia Sandri
Digital journalism 442
Javier Diaz-Noci
Digital memory 446
Mykola Makhortykh
Digital surveillance 450
Laszlo Horvath
Digital trace data 454
Andreas Jungherr
Dirty campaigning 458
Franz Reiter
Discursive polarization 462
Hendrik Meyer and Michael Brueggemann
Disease 467
Amy-Louise Byrne
Dissonant communication 472
Barbara Pfetsch
Echo chambers 477
Ludovic Terren
Economic news 481
Rens Vliegenthart
Editorial journalism 485
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques, Edna Miola and Andressa Butture Kniess
Elaboration Likelihood Model 489
Andrew Luttrell and Caelie P. McRobert
Election advertising 493
Jielu Yao, Markus Neumann and Erika Franklin Fowler
Election campaigns on social media 498
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, Elisa Kannasto and Aleksi Knuutila
Electoral integrity 502
Emre Toros
Elite networks 506
Cantay Caliskan
Emotional appeals 510
Franziska Marquart
Emotions in journalism 514
Johana Kotisova
Engaged journalism 518
Debora Medeiros
Engagement with politicians 521
Marton Bene
Equivalence and emphasis frames 525
Britta C. Brugman
Ethics of AI 529
Alessio Tartaro and Mihaly Heder
European Union 533
Olga Eisele and Tobias Heidenreich
Expectancy violations theory 537
Judee K. Burgoon
Experience sampling 541
Lukas P. Otto and Mareike Wieland
Experiments 545
Philipp Mueller
Expert surveys 549
Maurits J. Meijers and Nina Wiesehomeier
Expertise 555
Markus Lehmkuhl and Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann
Extra-factual information 559
Kelly M. Greenhill
Extremist propaganda 563
Diana Rieger and Lena Frischlich
Eye tracking 568
Heleen Dekoninck and Desiree Schmuck
Entries F-M
Fact-checking
Michelle A. Amazeen
3
Fake news
Brian L. Ott
7
Far-right communication
Curd Knuepfer
11
Fear appeals
Nicholas Charles D'Amico
16
Feminist perspectives
Lenka Vochocova
21
Fictional entertainment
Torgeir Uberg Naerland
25
Fictional populism
Silvija Vukovic
29
Filter bubbles
Marilu Miotto, Jin Wan and Fabio Votta
33
Forecasting
Louis Robert William Bromfield and Jack Tudor
38
Foreign reporting
Regina Cazzamatta
43
Fourth Estate
Afonso de Albuquerque
47
Frame alignment
Michiel De Vydt
51
Frame building
Ayesha Jehangir
56
Frame contestation
Jessica E. Boscarino
61
Framing
Regula Haenggli Fricker
65
Framing effects
Florin Zai and Michelle Moeri
70
Freedom of speech
Kari Steen-Johnsen, Karoline Andrea Ihlebaek and Bente Kalsnes
74
Freelance journalism
Henry Silke and Kathryn Hayes
78
Functional Theory
William Lyon Benoit
83
Gatewatching
Axel Bruns
87
Gender
Tobias Rohrbach, Loes Aaldering, and Daphne van der Pas
92
Grounded Theory
Vivian Bonita Martin
96
Group appeals
Lena Maria Huber and Simon Stueckelberger
100
Guerrilla marketing
Alexander L. Fattal
105
Hacks and leaks
Philip Di Salvo
109
Hate speech
Maria Antonia Paz-Rebollo and Francisco Segado-Boj
113
Hegemonic media
Antonieta Mercado
117
The heuristic-systematic model
Ines Engelmann and Corinna Oschatz
122
Hierarchy of influences
Andre K. Rodarte and Robert J. Richardson
127
High-choice media environments
Laia Castro
131
Horserace journalism
Richard Thomas
135
The hostile media effect
Richard M. Perloff
139
Hyperactive users
Orestis Papakyriakopoulos
143
Hyperpartisan news
Ernesto de Leon
147
Identity
Elena Block
152
Identity propaganda
Madhavi Reddi
157
Ideological asymmetry
Zea Szebeni and Virpi Salojaervi
161
Ideology
Angelos Kissas
165
Image repair
William Lyon Benoit
169
Immersive journalism
Hannah Greber
173
Immigration
Laura Jacobs
177
Implicit attitudes
Luqiu Luwei Rose
181
Incidental news exposure
Matthew Barnidge
185
Incivility
Patricia Rossini
189
Indexing theory
Shabir Hussain and Farrukh Shahzad
193
Indigenous language news
Wunpini Fatimata Mohammed, Hardi Shahadu and Lukman Mahami Adams
197
Indigenous media studies
Jason Paolo Telles
202
Inequality
Daniel Streeter Lane and Hannah Elizabeth Overbye-Thompson
207
Infodemic
Felix M. Simon and Chico Q. Camargo
211
Infographics
William L. Allen and Eedan R. Amit-Danhi
215
Information cues in referenda
Adrien Petitpas, Andrea Barbieri and Pascal Sciarini
219
Information ethics
Lavinia Rotili
223
Information fatigue
Julia Metag
228
Information processing
Erin B. Fitz
232
Informedness
Luise Anter
236
Infotainment
Isabella Glogger
240
Inoculation
Bobi Ivanov and Kimberly Ann Parker
244
Inspirational media
Lena Frischlich, Lindsay Hahn, and Diana Rieger
249
Instant messaging
Camila Mont'Alverne and Isabele Mitozo
253
Interest groups
Max Groemping, Darren Halpin, and Anne Sofie Cornelius Nielsen
258
Intergroup bias
Alexandra Schaefer Hinck
263
Intergroup communication
Adrian Lueders
268
International communication
Sofia Jose Santos and Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho
272
International negotiations
Tatiana Coutto
276
Internet shutdowns
Kristin Eichhorn
280
Interpersonal communication
Eran Amsalem and Omer Ben Simhon
285
Interpersonal disagreement
German Neubaum, Luna T. Frauhammer, and Jana H. Dreston
289
Intersectionality
Briar Dickey and Niels Spierings
293
Intimate ethos
Irene Lis Gindin
297
Investigative journalism
Andrea Carson
301
Irony
Josh Averbeck and Zaynab Yusuf
306
Islamic-Western relations
Kai Hafez
310
Issue ownership
Henrik Bech Seeberg
315
Journalism as a public good
Roman Winkelhahn
318
Journalism education
Saba Bebawi
322
Journalist safety
Jonathan Achee Solis
326
Journalistic gatekeeping
Lars-Ole Wehden
330
Journalistic roles
Andreas A. Riedl and Thomas Hanitzsch
335
Journalistic sources
Sophie Lecheler
339
Journalistic values
Lavinia Rotili
343
Knowledge gap
Marvin Stecker and Fabienne Lind
348
Language complexity
Alivia Zubrod and Lucian Gideon Conway III
352
Large language models
Johannes Berthold Gruber and Fabio Antonello Votta
356
Leader credibility
Pooja Sharma and Varsha Jain
361
Legacy media
Andreas Widholm
366
Legal journalism
Franziska Oehmer-Pedrazzi
370
Letters to leaders
Daniel Casey and Brandon Rottinghaus
374
Limited capacity model
Jacob T. Fisher, Chen (Crystal) Chen, and Jay Jennings
378
Linkage studies
Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Nina Ameseder
382
Listening
Kate Lacey
386
Local news
Bernadette Uth
390
Logos in political communication
Matteo C.M. Casiraghi and Eugenio Cusumano
394
Machine learning
Jessica Di Cocco and Bernardo Monechi
398
Mainstreaming
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Brigitte Naderer
403
Marxism
Nicolo Pennucci
408
Media balkanization theory
William Lyon Benoit and Andrew Charles Billings
411
Media bias
Tim Groeling and Je Hoon Chae
416
Media capture
David Jofre
420
Media criticism
Jana Laura Egelhofer
425
Media deregulation
Kristy Hess and Agnes Gulyas
429
Media distrust
Ana Perez-Escoda
433
Media ecology
Carlos A. Scolari
437
Media effect duration
Fabian Thomas
441
Media effects on political elites
Chitralekha Basu and Lennart Schuermann
445
Media fragmentation
Robbyn E.B. Taylor
449
Media linguistics
Astrid Vandendaele
453
Media literacy
W. James Potter
457
Media logic
Ulrike Klinger and Jakob Svensson
461
Media malaise
Andreas R.T. Schuck
465
Media ownership
Rodney Benson
469
Media pluralism
Anda Rozukalne
473
Media populism
Giuliano Bobba and Antonella Seddone
477
Media storms
David Dumouchel and Thierry Giasson
481
Media systems
Diego Ceccobelli and Marco Mazzoni
485
Mediatization
Sina Blassnig
489
Memes
Thomas Galipeau
493
Memory
Nicole Maurantonio
497
Message amplification
Yini Zhang
501
Meta-analyses
Shelley Boulianne
505
Meta-cognitive myopia
Myrto Pantazi
509
Metaphorical framing
Britta C. Brugman
513
Microblogging
Yannik Peters and Caja Thimm
517
Microtargeting
Sanne Kruikemeier
521
Minimal effects theory
Dylan M. McLemore and Christopher R. Roland
525
Misinformation and disinformation
Edda Humprecht
529
Mobile political communication
Jakob Ohme
534
Mobilization
Karolina Koc-Michalska, Darren G. Lilleker and Amanda Haraldsson
539
Moral appeals
Frederic Rene Hopp and Linda Bos
543
Mortality salience
Lindsey A. Harvell-Bowman, Brian Burke and Mark J. Landau
547
Motivated reasoning
Moreno Mancosu and Federico Vegetti
551
Multimodal communication
Katarina Pettersson and Jari Martikainen
555
Music
Lyndon C.S. Way
Entries N-Z
Narrative characters
Rebecca Frazer, Matthew Grizzard, and Emily Moyer-Guse
3
Narrative persuasion
Nicholas Haas and Emmy Lindstam
8
Narrowcasting
Sahika Goerguelue
12
Nationalism
Francisco Seoane Perez
16
Natural language processing
Zhijing Jin, Rada Mihalcea, and Bernhard Schoelkopf
20
Need for cognition
Jose Santana-Pereira
25
Negative campaigning
Alessandro Nai and Philipp Mendoza
29
Negativity bias
Stuart Soroka
34
Network analysis
Hyunjin Song
37
Networked journalism
Sharon Meraz
41
Networked public spheres
Katharina Esau and Axel Bruns
46
Neuroscience
Melissa N. Baker, Cayleb Stives, and Olivia Neufeld
51
New global communication order
Anilesh Kumar
55
News aggregation
Laurence Dierickx and Carl-Gustav Linden
59
News avoidance
Kim Andersen and Stephanie Edgerly
63
News coverage of politics
Travis N. Ridout and Taewoo Kang
67
News deserts
Joy Jenkins
71
News finds me
Javier Serrano-Puche, Jordi Rodriguez-Virgili, and Aurken Sierra
75
News media quality
Melanie Magin
79
News production
Rodrigo Zamith
83
News recommender systems
Michael A. Beam and Zhixin (Giselle) Pu
87
News sharing on social media
Anna Sophie Kuempel
91
News values
Helen Caple
95
Newsroom
Tomas Dodds and Wang Ngai Yeung
99
Nonverbal political communication
Delia Dumitrescu
103
Nudging
Peter John and Blake Lee-Whiting
107
Objectivity
Zixiu Liu and Jianan Zhu
110
Online campaigning
Marius Saeltzer and L. Constantin Wurthmann
114
Online community management
Dominique Heinbach and Marike Bormann
118
Online news engagement
Sina Blassnig and Dominique S. Wirz
123
Open science
Tobias Dienlin, Sanne Kruikemeier, and Douglas A. Parry
127
Otherness and othering
Javier Garcia-Marin, Belen Fernandez-Garcia, and Oscar Luengo
131
Parliamentary debates
Nora Wenzl
135
Participatory media cultures
L. Lusike Mukhongo
139
Participatory persuasion
Kacheng Fang and Jing Guo
144
Party manifestos
Pola Lehmann
148
Party pledges
Petia Kostadinova
152
Party-voter linkages
Tristan Klingelhoefer
156
Peace journalism
Muhammad Sultan Malik and Annika Sehl
161
Perceived incivility
Chiara Vargiu
165
Peripheral media actors
Ane Mestvedthagen and David Cheruiyot
169
Permanent campaigning
Darren G. Lilleker and Icaro Joathan
174
Personal brands
Elisa Kannasto
178
Personalization of politics
Katjana Gattermann
182
Persuasion
Wojciech Cwalina and Pawel Koniak
186
Pictorial health warnings
Rendro Dhani
191
Platformization
David B. Nieborg, Thomas Poell, and Jose van Dijck
195
Polarization
Julia Simon and Jakob Wiedekind
199
Politeness theory
Aimee E. Miller-Ott
204
Political consultants
Stephen K. Medvic
208
Political consumerism
Christopher Starke and Ole Kelm
212
Political correctness
Martina Thiele and Mandy Troeger
216
Political debasement
Ofer Feldman and Sam Lehman-Wilzig
221
Political disagreement
Gina M. Masullo
226
Political economy of media
Lambrini Papadopoulou
230
Political efficacy
Jennifer Oser
234
Political entertainment
Huma Rasheed and Dannagal Goldthwaite Young
238
Political humor
Jody C. Baumgartner
242
Political influencers
Thijs Albert Jan Kelder, Jacob van de Kerkhof, and Giovanni de Gregorio
246
Political journalism
Bengt Johansson
251
Political knowledge
Sangwon Lee
256
Political marketing
Jennifer Lees-Marshment and Salma Malik
260
Political parallelism
Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques , Edna Miola, and Afonso de Albuquerque
265
Political scandals
Christian von Sikorski
269
Political violence
Ruben Bordalo Ferreira and Raquel Beleza da Silva
274
Politicization
279
Polycrisis
Tamsin Parnell
283
Popularity indicators
Pablo Jost
287
Populism and nationalism
Luca Manucci
291
Populist attitudes
Anne Schulz and Alexander Wuttke
296
Populist communication
Linda Bos
300
Post-truth
Silvio Waisbord
304
Postcolonial political communication
Bruce Mutsvairo
309
Postmodern campaigns
Angie K. Gonzalez G., Catalina Uribe Rincon, and Omar Rincon
313
Prebunking
Chikezie E. Uzuegbunam
317
Predictive journalism
Nicholas Diakopoulos
321
Preference falsification
Xiaoxiao Shen and Eddy S. F. Yeung
325
Prejudice
Daniela Alonso and Hugo H. Rabbia
329
Presidential communication
Joshua M. Scacco and Aya Diab
334
Press freedom
Lambrini Papadopoulou and Theodora A. Maniou
339
Press releases
Uta Russmann
344
Priming
Wojciech Cwalina and Pawel Koniak
348
Privacy
Johanna E. Moeller
353
Propaganda
Mykola Makhortykh and Aleksandra Urman
358
Protest framing
Jelena Kleut and Ana Milojevic
362
Protest responsiveness
Luna Staes and Ruud Wouters
366
Protest selection
Ruud Wouters and Luna Staes
371
Public diplomacy
Beata Ociepka
375
Public opinion
Mona Krewel
379
Public service media
Lea Sophia Lehner and Annika Sehl
383
Public sphere
Elena Escalante-Block
388
Quantitative content analysis
Knut De Swert, Xiaoyang Zhao, and Elif Kilik
392
Queer studies
Jimmie Manning
397
Racialization
Ana-Nzinga Weiss and Katharina Tittel
402
Radicalization
Heidi Schulze, Sophia Rothut, and Diana Rieger
406
Radio
Aniruddha Jena and Vinod Pavarala
411
Referendum campaigns
Theresa Reidy
416
Representation styles
Stefano Camatarri and Marta Gallina
421
Resistance to persuasion
Chiara Valli
425
Rhetoric
Brian L. Ott
429
Satire
Mark Boukes
433
Schadenfreude
Jessica Gall Myrick, Jin Chen, and Jiaqi 'Agnes' Bao
437
Science communication
Chun-Ju Huang
441
Search engines
Marieke van Hoof
445
Second screening
Brigitte Huber
449
Selective exposure
Ana Sofia Cardenal
452
Self-censorship
Rachel Brock
457
Self-effects
Fabian Prochazka
461
Self-reported media exposure
Marko Bachl
465
Semiotics
Brian L. Ott
469
Sensational news
Yu-Leung Ng
473
Sentiment analysis
Mariken A.C.G. van der Velden, Natalia Umansky Casapa, and Christian Pipal
477
Sexism
Gilda Sensales and Laura Prislei
481
Shadowbans
Kokil Jaidka
487
Social identity theory
Yuko Sato
491
Social marketing strategy
Kimberly Ann Parker, Sarah Ann Geegan, and Erin Berger Hester
495
Social media affordances
Marcelo Santos and Sebastian Valenzuela
499
Social media as news source
Corinna Oschatz and Marcel Broersma
503
Social media use
Sherice Gearhart and Ioana Alexandra Coman
507
Social movements and protest
Doron Shultziner
512
Social responsibility initiatives
Nicole H. O'Donnell
516
Soft power
Bruno Lovric
520
Soft propaganda
Lucie Lu
524
Sophistication
Marta Gallina and Stefano Camatarri
528
Source credibility
Bernhard Clemm von Hohenberg
532
Sovereign citizens
Scott J. Varda
536
Spin
Ruth Garland
540
Spiral of silence
Jule Scheper and Marius Gerads
544
Spokesperson
Jose Miguel Rojo-Martinez
548
Sport
Jason Paolo Telles
552
Stancetaking
Valentyna Ushchyna, Oksana Shkamarda, and Laryssa Kyrychuk
556
Statistics in the news
Jairo Lugo-Ocando and Ahmed Farouk Radwan
560
Stereotypes
Ignacio Lopez-Escarcena
564
Storytelling
Karin Liebhart
568
Subliminal messages
Simon Ruch and Thomas P. Reber
573
Survey research
Blake Lee-Whiting
577
System justification
Melanie Langer
580
Tabloids
Marco Bastos
584
Televised debates
Juergen Maier
588
Terrorism
Amelie Godefroidt
592
Third-level agenda setting
Mariam F. Alkazemi and Deb Aikat
597
Third-person effect
Raluca Buturoiu and Nicoleta Corbu
602
Time and nostalgia
Theofilos Gkinopoulos
606
Town halls
Steven Gregory Perry
610
Toxicity in online discourse
Paola Pascual-Ferra
614
Trauma and journalism
Stephen Stewart
618
Trojan horse discourse
Michiel Luining and Tom Van Hout
623
Trust
Andrea Ceron and Alessio Scopelliti
627
Two-step flow
Adolfo Carratala
631
Unelected representation
Andrea Vik
636
User comments
Svenja Schaefer and Anna Maria Planitzer
641
User-defined repertoires
Sakshi Bhalla and Harsh Taneja
647
Valence issues
Jan Philipp Thomeczek
651
Values
Mira Sotirovic
655
Video as data
Bryce J. Dietrich and Hyein Ko
660
Viewpoint diversity exposure
Lara Kobilke
664
Virality
Juan S. Victoria, Jose B. Arjona, and Alfonso Mendiz
668
Visual framing
Lulu Rodriguez and Daniela Dimitrova
673
Voice pitch
Aurelie De Waele
677
Voter uncertainty
Darren G. Lilleker
681
Voting advice applications
Diego Garzia and Stefan Marschall
685
Voting behavior
Andrea De Angelis
689
Vox pops
Kathleen Beckers
693
War journalism
Dariya Orlova
697
Xenophobia
Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin
701
Youth
Frank Reichert
705