The Longman Writer
Rhetoric, Reader, and Research Guide, Brief Edition
8th Edition
Published on 17. December 2010
Book
Paperback/Softback
640 pages
978-0-205-79838-4 (ISBN)
Description
Clear, step-by-step writing instruction, ample annotated student essays, and extensive practice opportunities for writing have made The Longman Writer one of the most successful methods-of-development guides for college writing.
More details
Edition
8th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
Adult education
Dimensions
Height: 187 mm
Width: 232 mm
Thickness: 21 mm
Weight
898 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-205-79838-4 (9780205798384)
Copyright in bibliographic data is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or its licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Previous edition
Judith Nadell | John Langan | Eliza A. Comodromos
Longman Writer, The, Brief Edition, MLA Update Edition
Rhetoric, Reader, and Research Guide
Book
01/2010
7th Edition
Pearson
€78.27
Article exhausted; check for reprint
Content
I. THE READING PROCESS
1. Becoming a Strong Reader
Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection
Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection
Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection
A Model Annotated Reading
Assessing Visuals in a Reading
Assessing an Image: An Example
Assessing a Graph: An Example
Ellen Goodman, "Family Counterculture"
II. THE WRITING PROCESS
2. Getting Started Through Prewriting
Use Prewriting to Get Started
Keep a Journal
The Pre-Reading Journal Entry
Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment
Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View
Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject
Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject
Organize the Raw Material
Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting
3. Identifying a Thesis
What Is a Thesis?
Finding a Thesis
Writing an Effective Thesis
Tone and Point of View
Implied Pattern of Development
Including a Plan of Development
1. Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement
2. Don't Make an Announcement
3. Don't Make a Factual Statement
4. Don't Make a Broad Statement
Arriving at an Effective Thesis
Placing the Thesis in an Essay
Activities: Identifying a Thesis
4. Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
What Is Evidence?
How Do You Find Evidence?
How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence
Characteristics of Evidence
The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified
The Evidence Is Specific
The Evidence Is Adequate
The Evidence Is Dramatic
The Evidence Is Accurate
The Evidence Is Representative
Borrowed Evidence Is Documented
Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
5. Organizing the Evidence
Use the Patterns of Development
Select an Organizational Approach
Chronological Approach
Spatial Approach
Emphatic Approach
Simple-to-Complex Approach
Prepare an Outline
Activities: Organizing the Evidence
6. Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
How to Move from Outline to First Draft
General Suggestions on How to Proceed
If You Get Bogged Down
A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft
1. Write the Supporting Paragraphs
2. Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body
3. Write the Introduction
4. Write the Conclusion
Write the Title
Pulling It All Together
Sample First Draft
Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents"
Commentary
Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
7. Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Five Strategies to Make Revision Easier
Set Your First Draft Aside for a While
Work from Printed Text
Read the Draft Aloud
View Revision as a Series of Steps
Evaluate and Respond to Instructor Feedback
Peer Review: An Additional Revision Strategy
Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review
Revising Overall Meaning and Structure
Revising Paragraph Development
Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
8. Revising Sentences and Words
Revising Sentences.
Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone
Make Sentences Economical
Vary Sentence Type
Vary Sentence Length
Make Sentences Emphatic
Revising Words
Make Words Consistent with Your Tone
Use an Appropriate Level of Diction
Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate
Select Words with Appropriate Connotations
Use Specific Rather Than General Words
Use Strong Verbs
Delete Unnecessary Adverbs
Use Original Figures of Speech
Avoid Sexist Language
Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words
Activities: Revising Sentences and Words
9. Editing and Proofreading
Edit Carefully
Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format
Proofread Closely
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading
Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents"
Commentary
Activities: Editing and Proofreading
III. THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
10. Description
What Is Description?
How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Description in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Marie Martinez, "Salt Marsh"
Commentary
Activities: Description
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Description
Maya Angelou, "Sister Flowers"
David Helvarg, "The Storm this Time"
Gordon Parks, "Flavio's Home"
Additional Writing Topics: Description
11. Narration
What Is Narration?
How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Paul Monahan, "If Only"
Commentary
Activities: Narration
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Narration
Audre Lorde, "The Fourth of July"
George Orwell, "Shooting an Elephant"
*Joan Murray, "Someone's Mother"
Additional Writing Topics: Narration
12. Illustration
What Is Illustration?
How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Michael Pagano, "Pursuit of Possessions"
Commentary
Activities: Illustration
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Illustration
Kay S. Hymowitz, "Tweens: Ten Going on Sixteen"
Beth Johnson, "Bombs Bursting in Air"
*Eric G. Wilson, "The Miracle of Melancholia"
Additional Writing Topics: Illustration
13. Division-Classification
What Is Division-Classification?
How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Gail Oremland, "The Truth about College Teachers"
Commentary
Activities: Division-Classification
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Division-Classification
*Ann McClintock, "Propaganda Techniques in Today's Advertising"
Scott Russell Sanders, "The Men We Carry in Our Minds"
*Marion Winik, "What Are Friends For?"
Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification
14. Process Analysis
What Is Process Analysis?
How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Robert Barry, "Becoming a Recordoholic"
Commentary
Activities: Process Analysis
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Process Analysis
Clifford Stoll, "Cyberschool"
*Amy Sutherland, "What Shame Taught Me About a Happy Marriage"
David Shipley, "Talk About Editing"
Additional Writing Topics: Process Analysis
15. Comparison-Contrast
What Is Comparison-Contrast?
How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Carol Siskin, "The Virtues of Growing Older"
Commentary
Activities: Comparison-Contrast
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Comparison-Contrast
*Eric Weiner, "Euromail and Amerimail"
Patricia Cohen, "Reality TV: Surprising Throwback to the Past?"
*Alex Wright, "Friending, Ancient or Otherwise"
Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast
16. Cause-Effect
What Is Cause-Effect?
How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Carl Novack, "Americans and Food"
Commentary
Activities: Cause-Effect
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Cause-Effect
Stephen King, "Why We Crave Horror Movies"
*Kurt Kleiner "When Manana Is Too Soon"
Brent Staples, "Black Men and Public Space"
Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect
17. Definition
What Is Definition?
How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Laura Chen, "Physics in Everyday Life"
Commentary
Activities: Definition
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Definition
*Ann Hulbert, "Beyond the Pleasure Principle"
James Gleick, "Life as Type A"
*Scott McCloud, "Setting the Record Straight"
Additional Writing Topics: Definition
18. Argumentation-Persuasion
What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?
How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Mark Simmons, "Compulsory National Service"
Commentary
Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion
*Anna Quindlen, "Driving to the Funeral"
Mary Sherry, "In Praise of the 'F' Word"
Debating the Issues:
*Gerry Garibaldi, "How Schools Shortchange Boys"
*Michael Kimmel, "A War Against Boys?"
Debating the Issues: Immigration
Roberto Rodriguez, "The Border On Our Backs"
Star Parker, "Se Habla Entitlement"
Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion
IV. THE RESEARCH PAPER
19 Locating, Evaluating, and Integrating Research Sources
Plan the Research
Understand the Paper's Boundaries
Understand Primary Versus Secondary Research
Choose a General Subject
Prewrite to Limit the General Subject
Conduct Preliminary Research
Identify a Working Thesis
Make a Schedule
Conduct Primary and Secondary Research
Obtain Interviews
Carry Out Surveys
Develop Questions
Choose Respondents
Find Books on Your Subject
Searching the Computerized Catalog
A Sample Book Search
Locating a Book in the Library
Using the Reference Section
Find Periodicals on Your Subject
Periodical Indexes, Abstracts, and Bibliographies
Full-Text Databases
Searching Directories and Databases
A Sample Database Search
Locating Specific Issues of Periodicals in the Library
Find Sources on the Internet
The Advantages and Limitations of the Library and the Web
Web Addresses
Finding Web Sources: Search Directories
Finding Web Sources: General Search Engines
Finding Web Sources: Specialized Search Engines
Using Discussion Groups and Blogs
Using Wikis
Using Podcasts and Other Internet Tools
Prepare a Working Bibliography
Take Notes to Support the Thesis with Evidence
Evaluate Print and Internet Sources
Relevance
Timeliness
Seriousness of Approach
Objectivity
Analyze and Synthesize Material
Analyzing Source Material
Synthesizing Source Material
Recording Information
Using Photocopies and Printouts
Use Quotation, Summary, and Paraphrase in Your Notes to Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Direct Quotation
Summary
Paraphrase
Combined Notes
Activities: Locating, Evaluating,and Integrating Research Sources
20. Writing the Research Paper
Refine Your Working Thesis
Sort Your Notes
Organize the Evidence by Outlining
Write the First Draft
Overwriting or Underwriting to Create a Draft
Presenting the Results of Primary Research
Integrate Sources into Your Writing
Using Sources Effectively
Introducing a Source
Shortening or Clarifying Quotations
Capitalizing and Punctuating Short Quotations
Presenting Statistics
Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Needs to Be Documented?
What Does Not Need to Be Documented
Creating In-Text References: MLA Format
Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft
Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format
Citing Print Sources-Periodicals
Citing Print Sources-Books
Citing Sources Found on a Website
Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
Citing Other Common Sources
Prepare the References List: APA Format
Parenthetic Citations in the Text
General Instructions for the References List
Citing Print Sources-Periodicals
Citing Print Sources-Books
Citing Sources Found on a Website
Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
Citing Other Common Sources
A Note About Other Documentation Systems
Student Research Paper: MLA-Style Documentation
Student Research Paper: APA-Style Documentation
Activities: Writing the Research Paper
V. THE LITERARY PAPER AND EXAM ESSAY
21. Writing About Literature
Elements of Literary Works
Literary Terms
How to Read a Literary Work
Read to Form a General Impression
Ask Questions About the Work
Reread and Annotate
Modify Your Annotations
Write the Literary Analysis
Prewrite
Identify Your Thesis
Support the Thesis with Evidence
Organize the Evidence
Write the First Draft
Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Edit and Proofread
Pulling It All Together
Read to Form a General Impression
Langston Hughes, "Early Autumn"
Ask Questions about the Work
Reread and Annotate
Student Essay
Karen Vais, "Stopping to Talk"
Commentary
Additional Selections and Writing Assignments
Robert Frost, "Out, Out-"
Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
22. Writing Exam Essays
Three Forms of Written Answers
Short Answers
Paragraph-Length Answers
Essay-Length Answers
How to Prepare for Exam Essays
At the Examination
Survey of the Entire Test
Understand the Essay Question
Write the Essay
Prewrite
Identify Your Thesis
Support the Thesis with Evidence
Organize the Evidence
Write the Draft
Revise, Edit, and Proofread
Sample Essay Answer
Commentary
Activity: Writing Exam Essays
Acknowledgements
Index
1. Becoming a Strong Reader
Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection
Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection
Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection
A Model Annotated Reading
Assessing Visuals in a Reading
Assessing an Image: An Example
Assessing a Graph: An Example
Ellen Goodman, "Family Counterculture"
II. THE WRITING PROCESS
2. Getting Started Through Prewriting
Use Prewriting to Get Started
Keep a Journal
The Pre-Reading Journal Entry
Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment
Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View
Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject
Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject
Organize the Raw Material
Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting
3. Identifying a Thesis
What Is a Thesis?
Finding a Thesis
Writing an Effective Thesis
Tone and Point of View
Implied Pattern of Development
Including a Plan of Development
1. Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement
2. Don't Make an Announcement
3. Don't Make a Factual Statement
4. Don't Make a Broad Statement
Arriving at an Effective Thesis
Placing the Thesis in an Essay
Activities: Identifying a Thesis
4. Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
What Is Evidence?
How Do You Find Evidence?
How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence
Characteristics of Evidence
The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified
The Evidence Is Specific
The Evidence Is Adequate
The Evidence Is Dramatic
The Evidence Is Accurate
The Evidence Is Representative
Borrowed Evidence Is Documented
Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
5. Organizing the Evidence
Use the Patterns of Development
Select an Organizational Approach
Chronological Approach
Spatial Approach
Emphatic Approach
Simple-to-Complex Approach
Prepare an Outline
Activities: Organizing the Evidence
6. Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
How to Move from Outline to First Draft
General Suggestions on How to Proceed
If You Get Bogged Down
A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft
1. Write the Supporting Paragraphs
2. Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body
3. Write the Introduction
4. Write the Conclusion
Write the Title
Pulling It All Together
Sample First Draft
Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents"
Commentary
Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
7. Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Five Strategies to Make Revision Easier
Set Your First Draft Aside for a While
Work from Printed Text
Read the Draft Aloud
View Revision as a Series of Steps
Evaluate and Respond to Instructor Feedback
Peer Review: An Additional Revision Strategy
Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review
Revising Overall Meaning and Structure
Revising Paragraph Development
Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
8. Revising Sentences and Words
Revising Sentences.
Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone
Make Sentences Economical
Vary Sentence Type
Vary Sentence Length
Make Sentences Emphatic
Revising Words
Make Words Consistent with Your Tone
Use an Appropriate Level of Diction
Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate
Select Words with Appropriate Connotations
Use Specific Rather Than General Words
Use Strong Verbs
Delete Unnecessary Adverbs
Use Original Figures of Speech
Avoid Sexist Language
Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words
Activities: Revising Sentences and Words
9. Editing and Proofreading
Edit Carefully
Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format
Proofread Closely
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading
Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents"
Commentary
Activities: Editing and Proofreading
III. THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
10. Description
What Is Description?
How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Description in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Marie Martinez, "Salt Marsh"
Commentary
Activities: Description
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Description
Maya Angelou, "Sister Flowers"
David Helvarg, "The Storm this Time"
Gordon Parks, "Flavio's Home"
Additional Writing Topics: Description
11. Narration
What Is Narration?
How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Paul Monahan, "If Only"
Commentary
Activities: Narration
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Narration
Audre Lorde, "The Fourth of July"
George Orwell, "Shooting an Elephant"
*Joan Murray, "Someone's Mother"
Additional Writing Topics: Narration
12. Illustration
What Is Illustration?
How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Michael Pagano, "Pursuit of Possessions"
Commentary
Activities: Illustration
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Illustration
Kay S. Hymowitz, "Tweens: Ten Going on Sixteen"
Beth Johnson, "Bombs Bursting in Air"
*Eric G. Wilson, "The Miracle of Melancholia"
Additional Writing Topics: Illustration
13. Division-Classification
What Is Division-Classification?
How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Gail Oremland, "The Truth about College Teachers"
Commentary
Activities: Division-Classification
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Division-Classification
*Ann McClintock, "Propaganda Techniques in Today's Advertising"
Scott Russell Sanders, "The Men We Carry in Our Minds"
*Marion Winik, "What Are Friends For?"
Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification
14. Process Analysis
What Is Process Analysis?
How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Robert Barry, "Becoming a Recordoholic"
Commentary
Activities: Process Analysis
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Process Analysis
Clifford Stoll, "Cyberschool"
*Amy Sutherland, "What Shame Taught Me About a Happy Marriage"
David Shipley, "Talk About Editing"
Additional Writing Topics: Process Analysis
15. Comparison-Contrast
What Is Comparison-Contrast?
How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Carol Siskin, "The Virtues of Growing Older"
Commentary
Activities: Comparison-Contrast
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Comparison-Contrast
*Eric Weiner, "Euromail and Amerimail"
Patricia Cohen, "Reality TV: Surprising Throwback to the Past?"
*Alex Wright, "Friending, Ancient or Otherwise"
Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast
16. Cause-Effect
What Is Cause-Effect?
How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Carl Novack, "Americans and Food"
Commentary
Activities: Cause-Effect
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Cause-Effect
Stephen King, "Why We Crave Horror Movies"
*Kurt Kleiner "When Manana Is Too Soon"
Brent Staples, "Black Men and Public Space"
Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect
17. Definition
What Is Definition?
How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Laura Chen, "Physics in Everyday Life"
Commentary
Activities: Definition
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Definition
*Ann Hulbert, "Beyond the Pleasure Principle"
James Gleick, "Life as Type A"
*Scott McCloud, "Setting the Record Straight"
Additional Writing Topics: Definition
18. Argumentation-Persuasion
What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?
How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience
Prewriting Strategies
Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay
Revision Strategies
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
Mark Simmons, "Compulsory National Service"
Commentary
Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion
Prewriting Activities
Revising Activities
Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion
*Anna Quindlen, "Driving to the Funeral"
Mary Sherry, "In Praise of the 'F' Word"
Debating the Issues:
*Gerry Garibaldi, "How Schools Shortchange Boys"
*Michael Kimmel, "A War Against Boys?"
Debating the Issues: Immigration
Roberto Rodriguez, "The Border On Our Backs"
Star Parker, "Se Habla Entitlement"
Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion
IV. THE RESEARCH PAPER
19 Locating, Evaluating, and Integrating Research Sources
Plan the Research
Understand the Paper's Boundaries
Understand Primary Versus Secondary Research
Choose a General Subject
Prewrite to Limit the General Subject
Conduct Preliminary Research
Identify a Working Thesis
Make a Schedule
Conduct Primary and Secondary Research
Obtain Interviews
Carry Out Surveys
Develop Questions
Choose Respondents
Find Books on Your Subject
Searching the Computerized Catalog
A Sample Book Search
Locating a Book in the Library
Using the Reference Section
Find Periodicals on Your Subject
Periodical Indexes, Abstracts, and Bibliographies
Full-Text Databases
Searching Directories and Databases
A Sample Database Search
Locating Specific Issues of Periodicals in the Library
Find Sources on the Internet
The Advantages and Limitations of the Library and the Web
Web Addresses
Finding Web Sources: Search Directories
Finding Web Sources: General Search Engines
Finding Web Sources: Specialized Search Engines
Using Discussion Groups and Blogs
Using Wikis
Using Podcasts and Other Internet Tools
Prepare a Working Bibliography
Take Notes to Support the Thesis with Evidence
Evaluate Print and Internet Sources
Relevance
Timeliness
Seriousness of Approach
Objectivity
Analyze and Synthesize Material
Analyzing Source Material
Synthesizing Source Material
Recording Information
Using Photocopies and Printouts
Use Quotation, Summary, and Paraphrase in Your Notes to Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Direct Quotation
Summary
Paraphrase
Combined Notes
Activities: Locating, Evaluating,and Integrating Research Sources
20. Writing the Research Paper
Refine Your Working Thesis
Sort Your Notes
Organize the Evidence by Outlining
Write the First Draft
Overwriting or Underwriting to Create a Draft
Presenting the Results of Primary Research
Integrate Sources into Your Writing
Using Sources Effectively
Introducing a Source
Shortening or Clarifying Quotations
Capitalizing and Punctuating Short Quotations
Presenting Statistics
Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
What Needs to Be Documented?
What Does Not Need to Be Documented
Creating In-Text References: MLA Format
Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft
Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format
Citing Print Sources-Periodicals
Citing Print Sources-Books
Citing Sources Found on a Website
Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
Citing Other Common Sources
Prepare the References List: APA Format
Parenthetic Citations in the Text
General Instructions for the References List
Citing Print Sources-Periodicals
Citing Print Sources-Books
Citing Sources Found on a Website
Citing Sources Found Through an Online Database or Scholarly Project
Citing Other Common Sources
A Note About Other Documentation Systems
Student Research Paper: MLA-Style Documentation
Student Research Paper: APA-Style Documentation
Activities: Writing the Research Paper
V. THE LITERARY PAPER AND EXAM ESSAY
21. Writing About Literature
Elements of Literary Works
Literary Terms
How to Read a Literary Work
Read to Form a General Impression
Ask Questions About the Work
Reread and Annotate
Modify Your Annotations
Write the Literary Analysis
Prewrite
Identify Your Thesis
Support the Thesis with Evidence
Organize the Evidence
Write the First Draft
Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
Edit and Proofread
Pulling It All Together
Read to Form a General Impression
Langston Hughes, "Early Autumn"
Ask Questions about the Work
Reread and Annotate
Student Essay
Karen Vais, "Stopping to Talk"
Commentary
Additional Selections and Writing Assignments
Robert Frost, "Out, Out-"
Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
22. Writing Exam Essays
Three Forms of Written Answers
Short Answers
Paragraph-Length Answers
Essay-Length Answers
How to Prepare for Exam Essays
At the Examination
Survey of the Entire Test
Understand the Essay Question
Write the Essay
Prewrite
Identify Your Thesis
Support the Thesis with Evidence
Organize the Evidence
Write the Draft
Revise, Edit, and Proofread
Sample Essay Answer
Commentary
Activity: Writing Exam Essays
Acknowledgements
Index