Place-making and Policies for Competitive Cities

Contributors xi Foreword by Professor Allen J. Scott, University of California - Los Angeles xv Preface xvii PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Policies and Place-making for Competitive Cities 3 Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács Policy progress 3 Economic sectors 7 Questions and approaches 8 References 10 2 Prevailing Policies versus New Tailored Policies 11 Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács Introduction 11 Infrastructure, communication, tax and cluster policies 14 Creative class debates and policy hypes related to technology, tolerance and talent (3Ts) 16 New tailored policies linked to pathways, place and personal networks (3Ps) 18 Three parts 19 References 22 PART II PATHWAYS 25 3 Policies Built upon Pathways 27 Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács Pathways and urban development 27 Capitalising on layers of development 30 Power centres with sustained positions 31 Post-socialist policies and the struggle with the past 32 References 33 4 Policies towards Multi-Layered Cities and Cluster Development 35 Tamás Egedy, Anne von Streit and Marco Bontje Introduction 35 Multi-layered cities 37 Path dependence of cluster development and the role of policies 39 Multi-layered cities in Western Europe and in Eastern and Central Europe 43 Conclusions 54 References 55 5 Capitalising on Position: Policies for Competitive Capital and non-Capital Cities 59 Julie Brown, Declan Redmond and Marc Pradel i Miquel Introduction 60 The function of capital versus non-capital cities 61 Selected capital and non-capital cities in the ACRE study 63 Capital cities: development pathways and policies 64 Development pathways of non-capital cities 67 Policies for competitive non-capital cities 69 Conclusions 72 References 74 6 Addressing the Legacy of Post-Socialist Cities in East Central Europe 77 Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz, Olga Gritsai, Evgenii Dainov and Tamás Egedy Introduction 78 Key features of post-socialist cities affecting urban policies 79 The role and structure of the creative and knowledge-intensive sectors 81 Challenges and policy responses 84 Policy recommendations 90 Concluding remarks 92 References 93 PART III PLACE 95 7 The Importance of Places and Place Branding 97 Zoltán Kovács and Sako Musterd Introduction 97 Sense of place and placelessness 98 Place-making, place marketing and place branding 100 Shifting focus of place-making in competitive cities 101 References 103 8 Policies towards Place Attraction and Policies for Place Retention 105 Philip Lawton, Micha³ Mêczyñski and Austin Barber Introduction: place-making and the creative knowledge economy 106 The evolution of 'place-making' 107 Developing policies oriented towards the retention of creative and knowledge workers 114 Policy reorientation: a focus on place retention 115 Conclusion: place-making policy formation 122 References 123 9 Urban Regeneration and Housing as Potential Tools for Enhancing the Creative Economy 127 Tamás Egedy, Declan Redmond and Kornelia Ehrlich Introduction 128 Links between urban regeneration and the creative economy 129 Housing for everyone and housing for creative people 132 How can regeneration and housing support the creative economy? 135 Conclusions 144 References 145 10 Successes and Failures in City Branding Policies 149 Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway, Caroline Chapain and Silvia Mugnano Introduction 149 Theories on place branding: the role played by cultural and creative industries 152 Some empirical evidence 154 Conclusions: evaluating city branding processes 166 Acknowledgements 169 References 169 11 Policies for Small and Large Cities 173 Marc Pradel i Miquel, Anders Paalzow and Hélène Martin-Brelot Introduction 173 City size and the creative knowledge economy 174 Does size influence the decisions of skilled employees in the creative and knowledge economy? 178 City size, governance and policy-making 183 Conclusion: different dimensions, different challenges 186 References 189 12 Creative Knowledge Strategies for Polycentric City-Regions 191 Marco Bontje and Kaisa Kepsu Introduction 191 The city-region concept 193 From mono- to polycentric city-regions 195 Geographies of creative knowledge companies 197 Geographies of creative knowledge workers 200 Towards competitive creative knowledge regions? Examples of city-regional collaboration 202 Conclusions and policy implications: the added value of city-regional collaboration 205 References 206 PART IV PERSONAL NETWORKS 209 13 Personal Networks 211 Zoltán Kovács and Sako Musterd The personal touch 211 From networks of firms to networks of people: the role of personal networks in the creative knowledge economy 212 Possible policy interventions focusing on personal networks 215 References 218 14 Networks and Mobility: the Policy Context 219 Olga Gritsai, Michel Grossetti and Denis Eckert Introduction 219 The importance of personal trajectories and personal networks 222 Cultural and institutional constraints on mobility 227 Challenges for policy-makers 229 Conclusions 235 References 236 15 Internationalisation and Policies towards Transnational Migration 239 Heike Pethe and Sabine Hafner Transnational migration of the highly skilled 239 Transnational migration of highly skilled professionals 241 Identifying and monitoring target groups for effective policies 243 Developing effective measures for highly skilled migrants - good practices 255 Conclusions 258 References 259 16 Policies Aimed at Strengthening Ties between Universities and Cities 263 Krzysztof Stachowiak, Rómulo Pinheiro, Carla Sedini and Mari Vaattovaara Introduction 263 The changing nature of university-city relations 265 From university in, to the university of or for, the city: tensions and dilemmas in university-city relations 266 The university as an enabler of the creative economy 274 Case studies 277 Challenges and bottlenecks surrounding university-city relations 282 Conclusions 284 Acknowledgements 286 References 286 17 Governance of Creative Industries: the Role of Social and Professional Networks 293 Anne von Streit and Bastian Lange Introduction 293 The creative industries: definitions and characteristics 295 Important strands of policies 297 Governance of the creative industries 299 Networks in the creative industries: theoretical approaches and empirical findings 302 Examples of promoting networks in the creative industries 304 Conclusions and suggestions 308 References 309 PART V CONCLUSIONS 313 18 Tailored - Context-Sensitive - Urban Policies for Creative Knowledge Cities 315 Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács Three building blocks for new urban economic policies 315 New urban policies put in context: 'PPP-CC-T' 318 Building on the past? 319 Tailored policies to create smart places 321 Policies building on personal networks 323 Conclusions 325 References 326 Index 329