Applied Strength of Materials

Preface 1 Basic Concepts in Strength of Materials

The Big Picture

1-1 Objective of This Book - To Ensure Safety

1-2 Objectives of This Chapter

1-3 Problem-solving Procedure

1-4 Basic Unit Systems

1-5 Relationship Among Mass, Force, and Weight

1-6 The Concept of Stress

1-7 Direct Normal Stress

1-8 Stress Elements for Direct Normal Stresses

1-9 The Concept of Strain

1-10 Direct Shear Stress

1-11 Stress Element for Shear Stresses

1-12 Preferred Sizes and Standard Shapes

1-13 Experimental and Computational Stress



2 Design Properties of Materials

The Big Picture

2-1 Objectives of This Chapter

2-2 Design Properties of Materials

2-3 Steel

2-4 Cast Iron

2-5 Aluminum

2-6 Copper, Brass, and Bronze

2-7 Zinc, Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel-Based Alloys

2-8 Nonmetals in Engineering Design

2-9 Wood

2-10 Concrete

2-11 Plastics

2-12 Composites

2-13 Materials Selection


3 Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design

The Big Picture and Activity

3-1 Objectives of this Chapter

3-2 Design of Members under Direct Tension or Compression

3-3 Design Normal Stresses

3-4 Design Factor

3-5 Design Approaches and Guidelines for Design Factors

3-6 Methods of Computing Design Stress

3-7 Elastic Deformation in Tension and Compression Members

3-8 Deformation Due to Temperature Changes

3-9 Thermal Stress

3-10 Members Made of More Than One Material

3-11 Stress Concentration Factors for Direct Axial Stresses

3-12 Bearing Stress

3-13 Design Bearing Stress

3-14 Design Shear Stress



4 Torsional Shear Stress and Torsional Deformation The Big Picture

4-1 Objectives of This Chapter

4-2 Torque, Power, and Rotational Speed

4-3 Torsional Shear Stress in Members with Circular Cross Sections

4-4 Development of the Torsional Shear Stress Formula

4-5 Polar Moment of Inertia for Solid Circular Bars

4-6 Torsional Shear Stress and Polar Moment of Inertia for Hollow Circular Bars

4-7 Design of Circular Members under Torsion

4-8 Comparison of Solid and Hollow Circular Members

4-9 Stress Concentrations in Torsionally Loaded Members

4-10 Twisting - Elastic Torsional Deformation

4-11 Torsion in Noncircular Sections


5 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams The Big Picture

5-1 Objectives of this Chapter

5-2 Beam Loading, Supports, and Types of Beams

5-3 Reactions at Supports

5-4 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Concentrated Loads

5-5 Guidelines for Drawing Beam Diagrams for Concentrated Loads

5-6 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Distributed Loads

5-7 General Shapes Found in Bending Moment Diagrams

5-8 Shearing Forces and Bending Moments for Cantilever Beams

5-9 Beams with Linearly Varying Distributed Loads

5-10 Free-Body Diagrams of Parts of Structures

5-11 Mathematical Analysis of Beam Diagrams

5-12 Continuous Beams - Theorem of Three Moments

6 Centroids and Moments of Inertia of Areas



The Big Picture

6-1 Objectives of This Chapter

6-2 The Concept of Centroid - Simple Shapes

6-3 Centroid of Complex Shapes

6-4 The Concept of Moment of Inertia

6-5 Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes Whose Parts have the Same Centroidal Axis

6-6 Moment of Inertia for Composite Shapes - General Case - Use of the Parallel Axis Theorem

6-7 Mathematical Definition of Moment of Inertia

6-8 Composite Sections Made from Commercially Available Shapes

6-9 Moment of Inertia for Shapes with all Rectangular Parts

6-10 Radius of Gyration

6-11 Section Modulus


7 Stress Due to Bending The Big Picture

7-1 Objectives of This Chapter

7-2 The Flexure Formula

7-3 Conditions on the Use of the Flexure Formula

7-4 Stress Distribution on a Cross Section of a Beam

7-5 Derivation of the Flexure Formula

7-6 Applications - Beam Analysis

7-7 Applications - Beam Design and Design Stresses

7-8 Section Modulus and Design Procedures

7-9 Stress Concentrations

7-10 Flexural Center or Shear Center

7-11 Preferred Shapes for Beam Cross Sections

7-12 Design of Beams to be Made from Composite Materials



8 Shearing Stresses in Beams The Big Picture

8-1 Objectives of this Chapter

8-2 Importance of Shearing Stresses in Beams

8-3 The General Shear Formula

8-4 Distribution of Shearing Stress in Beams

8-5 Development of the General Shear Formula

8-6 Special Shear Formulas

8-7 Design for Shear

8-8 Shear Flow



9 Deflection of Beams The Big Picture

9-1 Objectives of this Chapter

9-2 The Need for Considering Beam Deflections

9-3 General Principles and Definitions of Terms

9-4 Beam Deflections Using the Formula Method

9-5 Comparison of the Manner of Support for Beams

9-6 Superposition Using Deflection Formulas

9-7 Successive Integration Method

9-8 Moment-Area Method



10 Combined Stresses The Big Picture

10-1 Objectives of this Chapter

10-2 The Stress Element

10-3 Stress Distribution Created by Basic Stresses

10-4 Creating the Initial Stress Element

10-5 Combined Normal Stresses

10-6 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses

10-7 Equations for Stresses in Any Direction

10-8 Maximum Stresses

10-9 Mohr's Circle for Stress

10-10 Stress Condition on Selected Planes

10-11 Special Case in which Both Principal Stresses have the Same Sign

10-12 Use of Strain-Gage Rosettes to Determine Principal Stresses



11 Columns The Big Picture

11-1 Objectives of this Chapter

11-2 Slenderness Ratio

11-3 Transition Slenderness Ratio

11-4 The Euler Formula for Long Columns

11-5 The J. B. Johnson Formula for Short Columns

11-6 Summary - Buckling Formulas

11-7 Design Factors and Allowable Load

11-8 Summary - Method of Analyzing Columns

11-9 Column Analysis Spreadsheet

11-10 Efficient Shapes for Columns

11-11 Specifications of the AISC

11-12 Specifications of the Aluminum Association

11-13 Non-Centrally Loaded Columns


12 Pressure Vessels The Big Picture

12-1 Objectives of this Chapter

12-2 Distinction Between Thin-Walled and Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

12-3 Thin-Walled Spheres

12-4 Thin-Walled Cylinders

12-5 Thick-Walled Cylinders and Spheres

12-6 Analysis and Design Procedures for Pressure Vessels

12-7 Spreadsheet Aid for Analyzing Thick-Walled Spheres and Cylinders

12-8 Shearing Stress in Cylinders and Spheres

12-9 Other Design Considerations for Pressure Vessels

12-10 Composite Pressure Vessels



13 Connections The Big Picture

13-1 Objectives of this Chapter

13-2 Modes of Failure

13-3 Riveted Connections

13-4 Bolted Connections

13-5 Allowable Stresses for Riveted and Bolted Connections

13-6 Example Problems - Riveted and Bolted Joints

13-7 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted and Bolted Joints

13-8 Welded Joints with Concentric Loads



Appendix Answers to Selected Problems Index