Philosophy: With Free Philosophy Powerweb

1. Powerful Ideas / What is Philosophy? / Misconceptions about Philosophy / The Tools of Philosophy: Argument and Logic / The Divisions of Philosophy / The Benefits of Philosophy / PART I. METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY: EXISTENCE AND KNOWLEDGE 2. The Pre-Socratics The Milesians / Pythagoras / Heraclitus and Parmenides / Empedocles and Anaxagoras / The Atomists / 3. Socrates, Plato Socrates / Plato / Selection 3.1: Plato, Republic / Selection 3.2: Plato, Meno / 4. Aristotle What Is It to Be? / Aristotle and the Theory of Forms / Pure Actuality / Essence and Existence / Ten Basic Categories / The Three Souls / Aristotle's Theory of Knowledge / Logic / Selection 4.1: Aristotle, Metaphysics 5. Philosophers of the Hellenistic and Christian Eras Metaphysics in the Roman Empire / The Middle Ages and Aquinas / Selection 5.1: St. Augustine, Confessions / 6. The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology Descartes and Dualism / Hobbes and Materialism / The Alternative Views of Conway, Spinoza, and Leibniz / The Idealism of Locke and Berkeley / Selection 6.1: Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy / Selection 6.2 George Berkeley, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge / 7. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries David Hume / Immanuel Kant / The Nineteenth Century / Selection 7.1: David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding / Selection 7.2: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason / Selection 7.3: Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of History / Selection 7.4: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Representation / 8. The Continental Tradition Existentialism / Two Existentialists / Phenomenology / Selection 8.1: Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism / Selection 8.2: Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus / 9. The Pragmatic and Analytic Traditions Pragmatism / Analytic Philosophy / The Philosophy of the Mind / Selection 9.1: A. J. Ayer, The Elimination of Metaphysics / Selection 9.2: J. J. C. Smart, Sensations and Brain Processes / Selection 9.3: Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth / PART II. MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 10. Moral Philosophy Skepticism, Relativism, and Subjectivism / Egoism / Hedonism / The Five Main Ethical Frameworks / The Early Greeks / Epicureanism and Stoicism / Christianizing Ethics / Hobbes and Hume / Kant / The Utilitarians / Friedrich Nietzsche / Selection 10.1: Plato, Gorgias / Selection 10.2: Epicurus, Epicurus to Menoeceus / Selection 10.3: Epictetus, The Encheiridion / Selection 10.4: Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals / Selection 10.5: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism / Selection 10.6: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil / 11. Political Philosophy Plato and Aristotle / Natural Law Theory and Contractarian Theory / Two Other Contractarian Theorists / American Constitutional Theory / Classic Liberalism and Marxism / Selection 11.1: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan / Selection 11.2: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty / Selection 11.3: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto / 12. Recent Moral and Political Philosophy G. E. Moore / Normative Ethics and Metaethics / W. D. Ross / Emotivism and Beyond / John Rawls, A Contemporary Liberal / Robert Nozick's Libertarianism / Communitarian Responses to Rawls / Herbert Marcuse, A Contemporary Marxist / "Isms" / Selection 12.1: James Rachels, Killing and Starving to Death / Selection 12.2: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice / Selection 12.3: Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia / PART III. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: REASON AND FAITH 13. Philosophy and Belief in God Two Christian Greats / Mysticism / Seventeenth-Century Perspectives / Eighteenth-Century Perspectives / Nineteenth-Century Perspectives / Twentieth-Century Perspectives / Selection 13.1: St. Anselm, Proslogion / Selection 13.2: St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica / Selection 13.3: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science / Selection 13.4: Antony Flew, Theology and Falsification / Selection 13.5: Mary Daly, After the Death of God the Father / PART IV. OTHER VOICES 14. Feminist Philosphy The First Wave / The Second Wave / Selection 14.1: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women / Selection 14.2: Simone de Beavoir, The Second Sex / Selection 14.3: Marielouise Janssen-Jurreit, Sexism: The Male Monopoly on History and Thought / Selection 14.4: Sandra Harding, Should the History and Philosophy of Science Be X-Rated? / Selection 14.5: Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family / Selection 14.6: Karen J. Warren, The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism / 15. An Era of Suspicion Jurgen Habermas / Michel Foucault / Structuralism versus Deconstruction / Richard Rorty / Selection 15.1: Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality / Selection 15.2: Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization / Selection 15.3: Jurgen Habermas, Toward a Rational Society / Selection 15.4: Richard Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope / 16. Eastern Influences Hinduism / Buddhism / Taoism / Conficianism / Zen Buddhism in China and Japan / The Philosophy of the Samurai (c. 1100-1900) / Selection 16.1: Confucius, Analects / Selection 16.2: Buddha, The Eightfold Path / 17. Post-Colonial Thought Historical Background / Africa / The Americas / South Asia / Selection 17.1: Leopold Sedar Senghor, On African Socialism / Selection 17.2: Martin Luther King, Jr., The Sword that Heals / Selection 17.3: Carlos Astrada, Existentialism and the Crisis of Philosophy / Selection 17.4: Francisco Miro Quesada, Man without Theory / Selection 17.5: Sonia Saldivar-Hull, Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics / Selection 17.6: Mohandas K. Gandhi, Satyagraha / Selection 17.7: Rabindranath Tagore, Towards Universal Man