Before We are Born

1. Introduction to Human Embryology Embryological Terminology Importance of and Advances in Embryology Descriptive Terms Clinically Oriented Questions 2. Human Reproduction Reproductive Organs Gametogenesis Female Reproductive Cycles Transportation of Gametes Maturation of Sperms Viability of Gametes Clinically Oriented Questions 3. The First Week of Human Development Fertilization Cleavage of the Zygote Formation of the Blastocyst Clinically Oriented Questions 4. The Second Week of Human Development Formation of the Amniotic Cavity and Embryonic Disc Development of the Chorionic Sac Implantation Sites of the Blastocyst Clinically Oriented Questions 5. The Third Week of Human Development Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube Development of Somites Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom Early Development of the Cardiovascular System Development of Chorionic Villi Clinically Oriented Questions 6. Human Development During Weeks Four to Eight Folding of the Embryo Germ Layer Derivatives Control of Embryonic Development Highlights of Development During Weeks Four to Eight Estimation of Embryonic Age Clinically Oriented Questions 7. Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth Estimation of Fetal Age Highlights of the Fetal Period Expected Date of Delivery Factors Influencing Fetal Growth Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status Clinically Oriented Questions 8. Placenta and Fetal Membranes Placenta Parturition Amnion and Amniotic Fluid Yolk Sac Allantois Fetal Membranes in Multiple Pregnancies Clinically Oriented Questions 9. Body Cavities and Mesenteries The Embryonic Body Cavity Development of Diaphragm Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Clinically Oriented Questions 10. Pharyngeal Apparatus Pharyngeal Arches Pharyngeal Pouches Pharyngeal Grooves Pharyngeal Membranes Development of Thyroid Gland Development of Tongue Development of Salivary Glands Development of Face Development of Nasal Cavities Development of Palate Clinically Oriented Questions 11. Respiratory System Development of Larynx Development of Trachea Development of Bronchi and Lungs Clinically Oriented Questions 12. Alimentary or Digestive System Foregut Development of Spleen Midgut Hindgut Clinically Oriented Questions 13. The Urogenital System Development of the Urinary System Development of the Suprarenal Glands Development of the Genital System Development of the Inguinal Canals Clinically Oriented Questions 14. The Cardiovascular System Early Development of the Heart and Blood Vessels Anomalies of the Heart and Great Vessels Aortic Arch Derivatives Aortic Arch Anomalies Fetal and Neonatal Circulation Development of the Lymphatic System Clinically Oriented Questions 15. The Musculoskeletal System Development of Bone and Cartilage Development of Joints Development of the Axial Skeleton Development of the Appendicular Skeleton The Muscular System Development of the Limbs Clinically Oriented Questions 16. The Nervous System Origin of the Nervous System Development of the Spinal Cord Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord Development of the Brain Congenital Anomalies of the Brain Development of the Peripheral Nervous System Development of the Autonomic Nervous System Clinically Oriented Questions 17. The Eye and Ear Development of the Eye and Related Structures Development of the Ear Clinically Oriented Questions 18. The Integumentary System Development of the Skin Development of the Hair Development of the Nails Development of the Mammary Glands Development of the Teeth Clinically Oriented Questions 19. Human Birth Defects Teratology: The Study of Abnormal Development Anomalies Caused by Genetic Factors Anomalies Caused by Environmental Factors Anomalies Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance Summary of Human Birth Defects Clinically Oriented Questions References and Suggested Readings Answers to Clinically Oriented Questions Index