Civil Avionics Systems

About the Authors xix Series Preface xxi Preface to Second Edition xxii Preface to First Edition xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Advances since 2003 1 1.2 Comparison of Boeing and Airbus Solutions 2 1.3 Outline of Book Content 2 1.4 The Appendices 4 2 Avionics Technology 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Avionics Technology Evolution 8 2.3 Avionics Computing 11 2.4 Digital Systems Input and Output 19 2.5 Binary Arithmetic 29 2.6 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 34 2.7 Software 43 2.8 Microprocessors 53 2.9 Memory Technologies 59 2.10 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) 64 2.11 Integrated Circuits 70 2.12 Integrated Circuit Packaging 73 3 Data Bus Networks 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Digital Data Bus Basics 80 3.3 Transmission Protocols 84 3.4 ARINC 429 88 3.5 MIL-STD-1553B 91 3.6 ARINC 629 97 3.7 ARINC 664 Part 7 100 3.8 CANbus 110 3.9 Time Triggered Protocol 113 3.10 Fibre-optic Data Communications 113 3.11 Data Bus Summary 115 4 System Safety 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Flight Safety 120 4.3 System Safety Assessment 124 4.4 Reliability 128 4.5 Availability 134 4.6 Integrity 138 4.7 Redundancy 141 4.8 Analysis Methods 148 4.9 Other Considerations 151 5 Avionics Architectures 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Avionics Architecture Evolution 159 5.3 Avionic Systems Domains 169 5.4 Avionics Architecture Examples 172 5.5 IMA Design Principles 188 5.6 The Virtual System 189 5.7 Partitioning 194 5.8 IMA Fault Tolerance 195 5.9 Network Definition 197 5.10 Certification 198 5.11 IMA Standards 201 6 Systems Development 205 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 System Design Guidelines 206 6.3 Interrelationship of Design Processes 210 6.4 Requirements Capture and Analysis 213 6.5 Development Processes 217 6.6 Development Programme 224 6.7 Extended Operations Requirements 226 6.8 ARINC Specifications and Design Rigour 229 6.9 Interface Control 231 7 Electrical Systems 235 7.1 Electrical Systems Overview 235 7.2 Electrical Power Generation 239 7.3 Power Distribution and Protection 248 7.4 Emergency Power 254 7.5 Power System Architectures 259 7.6 Aircraft Wiring 268 7.7 Electrical Installation 276 7.8 Bonding and Earthing 280 7.9 Signal Conditioning 282 7.10 Central Maintenance Systems 284 8 Sensors 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Air Data Sensors 292 8.3 Magnetic Sensors 301 8.4 Inertial Sensors 306 8.5 Combined Air Data and Inertial 317 8.6 Radar Sensors 323 9 Communications and Navigation Aids 329 9.1 Introduction 329 9.2 Communications 332 9.3 Ground-Based Navigation Aids 347 9.4 Instrument Landing Systems 350 9.5 Space-Based Navigation Systems 354 9.6 Communications Control Systems 362 10 Flight Control Systems 365 10.1 Principles of Flight Control 365 10.2 Flight Control Elements 368 10.3 Flight Control Actuation 371 10.4 Principles of Fly-By-Wire 379 10.5 Boeing 777 Flight Control System 383 10.6 Airbus Flight Control Systems 389 10.7 Autopilot Flight Director System 396 10.8 Flight Data Recorders 401 11 Navigation Systems 405 11.1 Principles of Navigation 405 11.2 Flight Management System 413 11.3 Electronic Flight Bag 427 11.4 Air Traffic Management 430 11.5 Performance-Based Navigation 433 11.6 Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast 442 11.7 Boeing and Airbus Implementations 442 11.8 Terrain Avoidance Warning System (TAWS) 444 12 Flight Deck Displays 449 12.1 Introduction 449 12.2 First Generation Flight Deck: the Electromagnetic Era 450 12.3 Second Generation Flight Deck: the Electro-Optic Era 455 12.4 Third Generation: the Next Generation Flight Deck 463 12.5 Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) System 465 12.6 Standby Instruments 468 12.7 Head-Up Display Visual Guidance System (HVGS) 469 12.8 Enhanced and Synthetic Vision Systems 473 12.9 Display System Architectures 486 12.9.1 Airworthiness Regulations 486 12.9.2 Display Availability and Integrity 486 12.9.3 Display System Functional Elements 487 12.9.4 Dumb Display Architecture 488 12.9.5 Semi-Smart Display Architecture 490 12.9.6 Fully Smart (Integrated) Display Architecture 490 12.10 Display Usability 491 12.11 Display Technologies 498 12.12 Flight Control Inceptors 506 13 Military Aircraft Adaptations 511 13.1 Introduction 511 13.2 Avionic and Mission System Interface 512 13.3 Applications 519 Reference 531 Further Reading 531 Appendices 533 Introduction to Appendices 533 Appendix A: Safety Analysis - Flight Control System 534 A.1 Flight Control System Architecture 534 A.2 Dependency Diagram 535 A.3 Fault Tree Analysis 537 Appendix B: Safety Analysis - Electronic Flight Instrument System 539 B.1 Electronic Flight Instrument System Architecture 539 B.2 Fault Tree Analysis 540 Appendix C: Safety Analysis - Electrical System 543 C.1 Electrical System Architecture 543 C.2 Fault Tree Analysis 543 Appendix D: Safety Analysis - Engine Control System 546 D.1 Factors Resulting in an In-Flight Shut Down 546 D.2 Engine Control System Architecture 546 D.3 Markov Analysis 548 Simplified Example (all failure rates per flight hour) 549 Index 551