Stroke

I. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION 1. Distribution of Stroke 2. Risk Factors for Stroke and Stroke Prevention 3. Outcome Following Stroke II. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 4. Classification of Ischemic Stroke 5. Internal Carotid Artery Disease 6. Anterior Cerebral Artery Disease 7. Middle Cerebral Artery Disease 8. Posterior Cerebral Artery Infarcts 9. Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarcts 10. Vertebrobasilar Infarction 11. Lacunes 12. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis 13. Parenchymatous Hemorrhage 14. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 15. Brain Vascular Malformations 16. Spinal Cord Ischemia III. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 17. Overview of Laboratory Studies 18. Computed Tomography-Based Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease 19. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 20. Conventional Angiography 21. Ultrasonography 22. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography IV. SPECIFIC MEDICAL DISEASES AND STROKE 23. Arterial Dissections 24. Collagen Vascular and Infectious Diseases 25. Moyamoya Disease 26. Fibromuscular Dysplasia 27. Migraine 28. Hypertensive Encephalopathy 29. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia 30. Atherosclerotic Disease of the Aortic Arch 31. Binswanger's Disease 32. CADASIL 33. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 34. Coagulopathies 35. Stroke with Substance Abuse 36. Cardiac Diseases, Including Patent Foramen Ovale V. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 37. Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis 38. Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 39. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Cerebrovascular Disease 40. Histopathology of Cerebral Ischemia 41. Excitotoxicity 42. Apoptosis 43. White Matter Injury 44. Inflammation 45. Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses 46. Recovery of Function VI. THERAPY A. Medical Therapy 47. Prehospital and Emergency Department Care of the Acute Stroke Patient 48. Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke 49. Intra-arterial Thrombolysis for Acute Stroke 50. Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Stroke 51. General Stroke Management and Stroke Units 52. Critical Care of the Acute Stroke Patient 53. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Stroke (Neuroprotection) 54. Treatment of "Other" Stroke Etiologies 55. Medical Therapy of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage 56. Rehabilitation and Recovery of the Stroke Patient 57. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention 58. Medical Management of Intracranial and Extracranial Atherosclerosis 59. Stenting of Intracranial and Extracranial Arterial Stenoses 60. Secondary Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke 61. Clinical Trials for Stroke B. Surgical Therapy 62. Inherited Vascular Diseases of Neurosurgical Significance 63. Intracranial Hemorrhage 64. Intraventricular Hemorrhage 65. Symptomatic Carotid Occlusive Disease 66. Asymptomatic Carotid Occlusive Disease 67. Intracranial Aneurysms 68. Arteriovenous Malformations 69. Cavernous and Venous Malformations 70. Dural Arteriovenous Malformations 71. Moyamoya Disease: Surgical Aspects 72. Spinal Vascular Malformations 73. Cerebral Vasospasm 74. Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass for Cerebral Ischemia 75. Cerebral Infarction: Surgical Treatment 76. Cerebellar Infarction and Hemorrhage 77. Nontraumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection 78. Interventional Neuroradiologic Therapy 79. Standards for Surgical Care of Stroke, Circa 2000