Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives

Preface xiii 1 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Reinforced Polymer Composites 1 M. Masudul Hassan and Manfred H. Wagner 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Natural Fibers (NFs): Sources and Classification 2 1.1.2 Composition of NFs 2 1.1.3 New Trends in the Chemistry of Cellulose 3 1.1.4 Action of Reducing and Oxidizing Agents 6 1.1.5 Drawbacks of Natural Fibers 7 1.2 Modifications of Natural Fibers 9 1.2.1 Physical Modifications of Natural Fibers 9 1.2.2 Chemical Modifications of Natural Fibers 11 1.3 Composites 16 1.3.1 Hybrid Composites 17 1.3.2 Compatibilization 17 1.3.3 Effect of Radiation on Fiber Composites 19 1.3.4 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composites 20 1.4 Properties Evaluation 20 1.4.1 Lantana-Camara Fiber 20 1.4.2 Tea Dust-Polypropylene (TDPP) Composite 23 1.4.3 Water Absorption Test 27 1.4.4 Jute Fiber Reinforced Vinylester Composites 27 1.4.5 Coir Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites 29 1.4.6 Effect of Alkali Treatment on Hemp, Sisal and Kapok for Composite Reinforcement 31 1.4.7 DSC Analysis of Mercerized Fibers 34 1.4.8 XRD Analysis of Mercerized Fibers 34 1.4.9 SEM Analysis of Alkalized Fibers 34 1.5 Conclusions 36 Acknowledgements 37 References 37 2 Factors Influencing Adhesion of Submicrometer Thin Metal Films 45 A. Lahmar, A. Assaf, M.J. Durand, S. Jouanneau, G. Thouand and B. Garnier 2.1 Introduction 46 2.2 Experimental Details 47 2.2.1 Film Deposition 47 2.2.2 Measurement of the Critical Load 48 2.3 Results and Discussion 50 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations 50 2.3.2 Effects of Film Thickness and Substrate Bias on the Mean Critical Load 51 2.3.3 Effects of Ion Bombardment Etching of Substrate Surface 54 2.3.4 Effect of Ageing Treatment after Deposition 55 2.3.5 Effect of Roughness of the Substrate Surface 56 2.3.6 Dependence of Critical Load and Thermal Resistance on Deposition Conditions 58 2.3.7 Correlation Between Adhesion and Thermal Contact Resistance 60 2.4 Summary 63 References 63 3 Surface Treatments to Modulate Bioadhesion 67 D.G. Waugh, C. Toccaceli, A.R. Gillett, C.H. Ng, S.D. Hodgson and J. Lawrence 3.1 Introduction 67 3.1.1 The Role of Wettability in Biological and Microbiological Adhesion 69 3.2 Various Surface Treatments 70 3.2.1 Laser Surface Treatment 70 3.2.2 Lithography 75 3.2.3 Micro/Nano Contact Printing 77 3.2.4 Plasma Surface Treatment 79 3.2.5 Radiation Grafting 81 3.2.6 Ion Beam and Electron Beam Processing 82 3.3 Prospects 85 3.4 Summary 89 References 89 4 Hot-Melt Adhesives from Renewable Resources 101 P. Utekar, H. Gabale, A. Khandelwal and S.T. Mhaske 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Potential Renewable Base Polymers 103 4.3 Lactic Acid Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 104 4.4 Soy Protein Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 106 4.5 Bio-Based Polyamides as Hot-Melt Adhesives 107 4.6 Starch Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 109 4.7 Summary 111 References 111 5 Relevance of Adhesion in Particulate/Fibre-Polymer Composites and Particle Coated Fibre Yarns 115 V.B. Mohan, K. Jayaraman and D. Bhattacharyya 5.1 Introduction 115 5.1.1 Mechanisms of Adhesion 118 5.1.2 Tests for Interfacial Adhesion in Composites 120 5.2 Theory of Interaction 124 5.2.1 Adhesion Mechanism in Fibre Yarns and Polymer Systems 125 5.2.2 Surface Modification Techniques 126 5.2.3 Adhesion Properties of Fibres 130 5.2.4 Morphological Evaluation of Fibre Yarns Coated with Nanoparticles 131 5.2.5 Interfacial Adhesion in Particle and Polymer Blends 138 5.3 Summary 140 References 142 6 Study and Analysis of Damages in Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composites 147 S.K. Panigrahi and Rashmi Ranjan Das 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Laminated Composite Joints 149 6.2.1 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Flat FRP Composite Joints 149 6.2.2 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Tubular FRP Composite Joints 151 6.3 Effect of Adhesive Property on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints 152 6.4 Effect of Functionally Graded Adhesives on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints 153 6.5 Conclusion 156 References 156 7 Surface Modification Strategies for Fabrication of Nano-Biodevices 161 Ankur Gupta, Vinay Kumar Patel, Rishi Kant and Shantanu Bhattacharya 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 Interfacial Interactions for Proper Functioning of Nano-biodevices 164 7.3 Strategies for Surface Modification of Polymers in Nano-biodevices 167 7.3.1 Surface Modification of Polymers Through Plasma Treatment 168 7.3.2 Surface Modification of Surfaces Through Chemical Route 168 7.3.3 Surface Modification Through Silanization of Surfaces 169 7.3.4 Surface Modification of Polymers with SAMs by Micro-contact Printing Technique 170 7.3.5 Other Surface Modification Strategies 171 7.4 Benefits of Surface Modifications to Nano-Biodevices 176 7.5 Summary 177 References 177 8 Effects of Particulates on Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet 187 Youhua Jiang, Wei Xu and Chang-Hwan Choi 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Theoretical Background of Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet 189 8.3 Effects of Particulates on Static Contact Angles 191 8.3.1 Deposition of Particulates on Solid-liquid Interface 192 8.3.2 Adsorption of Particulates on Liquid-Gas Interface 194 8.3.3 Adsorption of Surfactants on Solid-Gas Interface 195 8.4 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Pinning 197 8.4.1 Flows Within a Droplet 199 8.4.2 Interactions amongst Particulates, Solid Substrates, and Liquid-Gas Interfaces 201 8.4.3 Structural Disjoining Pressure 204 8.5 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Motion 205 8.5.1 Contact Line Velocity 205 8.5.2 Stick-Slip Behavior 206 8.6 Summary 210 8.7 Prospects 210 Acknowledgements 211 References 211 9 Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches and Their Modeling 217 M. Kemal Apalak 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Thermal Stresses 219 9.2.1 Bi-material Strips 219 9.2.2 Linear Analyses 220 9.2.3 Nonlinear Analyses 225 9.3 Thermal Residual Stresses 230 9.3.1 Residual Stresses - Adhesive Curing 233 9.3.2 Residual Stresses - Hygrothermal Ageing 246 9.4 Viscoelastic Analyses 250 9.5 Fracture and Fatigue 255 9.6 Summary 263 References 264 10 Ways to Mitigate Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches 271 M. Kemal Apalak 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 CFRP Strengthened Beams and Plates 273 10.3 Weld-Bonded Joints, Cutting Tools 276 10.4 Adhesive Joints Under Cryogenic Temperatures 279 10.5 Low and High-Temperature Adhesives 285 10.6 Fillers and Electrically-conductive Adhesives 289 10.6.1 Adhesive Layer with Fillers or Voids 289 10.6.2 Electrically-conductive Adhesives 292 10.7 Microelectronics, Optics and Nuclear Applications 296x Contents 10.8 Dental Applications 307 10.9 Summary 312 References 314 11 Laser-Assisted Electroless Metallization of Polymer Materials 321 Piotr Rytlewski, Bartomiej Jagodzi?ski and Krzysztof Moraczewski 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Application of Lasers in the Metallization of Polymer Materials 323 11.2.1 Modification in a Gaseous Medium 324 11.2.2 Modification in Solutions 326 11.2.3 Modification of Thin Films 327 11.2.4 Modification of Composite Materials 328 11.3 Modification of Polymer Composite Materials 328 11.3.1 Polyamide Composites 328 11.4 Summary 346 Acknowledgement 347 References 347 12 Adhesion Measurement of Coatings on Biodevices/Implants 351 Wei-Sheng Lei, Kash Mittal and Zhishui Yu 12.1 Introduction 352 12.2 Mechanical Test Methods of Adhesion Measurement 354 12.2.1 Cross-Cut Test 354 12.2.2 Peel Test 355 12.2.3 Scribe (Scratch) Test 356 12.2.4 Pull-Off (Tensile) Test 360 12.2.5 Single-Lap Shear Test 363 12.2.6 Blister Test 364 12.2.7 Micro- and Nano- Indentation Tests 365 12.2.8 Small-Punch Test 369 12.2.9 Micro- and Nano- Scale Tensile Testing 369 12.2.10 Four-Point Bending Test 371 12.2.11 Other Test Methods 372 12.3 Summary and Remarks 373 References 374Contents xi 13 Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 381 P. Rajesh Raja 13.1 Introduction 381 13.2 Synthesis and Processing 382 13.3 Applications 386 13.3.1 Industrial and Consumer 386 13.3.2 Medical 390 13.3.3 Forensics 393 13.3.4 Recent Advances in Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 393 13.4 Summary 394 References 394 14 Promotion of Adhesion of Green Flame Retardant Coatings onto Polyolefins by Depositing Ultra-Thin Plasma Polymer Films 399 Moustapha E. Moustapha, J"rg F. Friedrich, Zeinab R. Farag, Simone Kr?ger, Gundula Hidde and Maged M. Azzam 14.1 Introduction 400 14.2 Role of Adhesion in the Use of Thick Fire-Retardant Coatings 400 14.3 Strategies for Adhesion Promotion of Flame-Retardant Coatings 406 14.4 Plasma Polymerization 409 14.5 Adhesion Improvement by Plasma Polymer Layers 412 14.5.1 Inorganic Flame Retardant Layers (Water Glass Layers) 412 14.5.2 Coating with Prepolymer of Melamine Resin 414 14.5.3 Curing of the Melamine Prepolymer 414 14.6 Results of Adhesion Improvement Using Adhesion-Promoting Plasma Polymers 415 14.6.1 Results of Adhesion Promotion 415 14.6.2 Locus of Adhesion Failure 418 14.7 Flame Retardancy Tests 420 14.8 Thermal Behavior 421 14.9 Summary 423 Acknowledgement 424 References 424