Human Biological Variation

PREFACE; SECTION I: BACKGROUND; 1. Comprehending Human Biological Diversity: A Brief History; THE BEGINNINGS OF WESTERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS; CLASSIFYING THE DIVERSITY; A SHIFT IN RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS; POLYGENISM; MORE MEASURING OF SKULLS AND THE IDEAL TYPE; TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH; MENDELIAN GENETICS; QUESTIONING THE USEFULNESS OF THE RACE CONCEPT; A GENETIC DEFINITION OF RACE; CLINES AND POPULATIONS; SO, WHERE ARE WE TODAY?; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 2. The Genetic Basis of Human Variation; A MINIMALIST VIEW OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR INHERITANCE VIA DNA; MITOSIS PRODUCES IDENTICAL NUCLEAR DNA IN DAUGHTER CELLS; MITOSIS PRODUCES HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS; HUMAN CHROMOSOMES; THE PROCESSES OF CELL DIVISION; MITOSIS; MEIOSIS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA); THE MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF DNA; REPLICATION; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSLATION; FROM GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE; DOMINANCE; MUTATION; SUBSTITUTIONS; INSERTIONS AND DELETIONS; RECOMBINATIONS; TRANSLOCATIONS AND NON-DISJUNCTION; MUTATION FREQUENCIES; BASIC TRANSMISSION GENETICS - THE MENDELIAN LAWS; MENDEL'S FIRST LAW - SEGREGATION OF ALLELES; MENDEL'S SECOND LAW - INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF ALLELES; BEYOND MENDEL; SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; WHAT IS A GENE?; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: TELOMERE LENGTH AND AGING; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 3. Population Genetics and Human Variation; PROBABILITY THEORY; PROBABILITY RULES; HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; EXPECTED GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES; WHY IS HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM IMPORTANT?; HOW CAN WE TELL IF A POPULATION IS IN HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM?; DEPARTURES FROM HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM; MULTIPLE LOCUS HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM; ASSORTATIVE MATING; INBREEDING; EVOLUTIONARY FORCES; MUTATION; SELECTION; DRIFT; MIGRATION; COMBINING FORCES; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; SECTION II: VARIATION IN GENES, SIMPLE GENETIC TRAITS, AND DNA MARKERS; 4. Blood Group Polymorphisms; *ANTIGENS, ANTIBODIES, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM; *THE IMMUNE SYSTEM; *INNATE IMMUNITY; ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY); GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS IN THE BLOOD; ABO, HH (FUT1), SECRETOR (FUT2), AND LEWIS (FUT3) SYSTEMS; THE ABO HISTO-BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM; HH (FUT1) AND BOMBAY; THE SECRETOR SYSTEM (FUT2); THE LEWIS SYSTEM (FUT3); *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: HISTO-BLOOD GROUPS AND DIET; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION OF THE ABO HISTO-BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM; CHOLERA; SYPHILIS (TREPONEMAL DISEASES); PLAGUE; SMALLPOX; *PATHOGEN RECEPTORS; BLOOD GROUP ASSOCIATIONS; OTHER POSSIBLE SELECTIVE FACTORS AND THE ABO SYSTEM; THE RH SYSTEM; THE RH SYSTEM AND SELECTION; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: ERYTHROCYTES AS PATHOGEN DECOYS; THE MNSS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM; THE DUFFY BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM; OTHER BLOOD GROUPS; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 5. Serum Protein and Red Cell Enzymes; DETECTION OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; SOME PLASMA PROTEINS; HAPTOGLOBIN (ALPHA-2-GLOBULINS); TRANSFERRIN (TF); GROUP-SPECIFIC COMPONENT OR VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS (GM-AM AND KM); APOLIPOPROTEINS, BETA LIPOPROTEINS, AND BETA-2-; GLYCOPROTEINS; OTHER PLASMA PROTEINS; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: NOVEL WAYS TO EXPLORE HUMAN VARIATION AND EVOLUTION; RED CELL ENZYMES; GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; OTHER ENZYME SYSTEMS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTEREST; EXPLORING POPULATION STRUCTURE WITH CLASSICAL MARKERS; EXAMPLE 1: THE IRISH TRAVELERS OR TINKERS; EXAMPLE 2: THE ORIGINS OF INDO-EUROPEANS; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 6. Human Leukocyte Antigen and Polymorphism; THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; LOCATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE MHC; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; HLA AND DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS; HLA AND POPULATION DIVERSITY; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: HLA AND MATE CHOICE?; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 7. Human Hemoglobin Variants; BEGINNINGS OF HEMOGLOBIN RESEARCH; THE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE AND HEMOGLOBIN GENES; HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS; THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL ALLELE; HOW RESISTANCE TO FALIPARUM MALARIA WORKS; THE POSSIBILITY OF DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY; ORIGIN OF THE SICKLE CELL ALLELE; OTHER HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES; HBE (HEMOGLOBIN E); HBC (HEMOGLOBIN C); OTHER HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTEREST; THALASSEMIAS; ?-THALASSEMIAS; ?- THALASSEMIAS; THALASSEMIA HAPLOTYPES; THE THALASSEMIAS AND NATURAL SELECTION; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 8. Milk, Taste, and Cerumen; LACTASE RESTRICTION AND PERSISTENCE; TASTE: PHENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE (6-N-PROPYLTHIOURACIL); VARIATION IN EAR WAX, OR CERUMEN; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 9. DNA Markers; MOLECULAR GENETIC TECHNIQUES AND DNA VARIATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR); RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS (RFLP); INSERTIONS AND DELETIONS ("INDELS"); INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENTS: SINES AND LINES; DNA SEQUENCING; TANDEM REPEATS; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: TWO DNA VIGNETTES FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE; *COPY NUMBER VARIANTS; *AMERICAN INDIANS; THE COHEN MODAL HAPLOTYPE AND THE DIASPORA; HOW MANY RACES ARE DOCUMENTED IN OUR DNA?; DNA MARKERS AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE DESCENDANTS OF SALLY HEMMINGS; WHO IS BURIED IN JESSE JAMES'S GRAVE?; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; SECTION III: VARIATION IN COMPLEX TRAITS AND OTHER VARIATIONS; 10. Quantitative Variation; THE MENDELIAN BASIS FOR QUANTITATIVE TRAIT VARIATION; COMPONTENTS OF VARIATION FOR A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; ESTIMATION OF NARROW SENSE HERITABILITY (H2); NARROW SENSE HERITABILITY OF THE CEPHALIC INDEX; MULTIPLE QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; EVOLUTION AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; MUTATION; SELECTION; GENETIC DRIFT AND MIGRATION; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: QTLS, LODS, AND AIMS; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 11. Anthropomorphic Variation; ANTHROPOMORPHIC MEASURES; BODY MEASURES; SKIN FOLDS; HEAD MEASURES; VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS; GENETICS; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: CAN WE TELL RACE FROM CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS?; HUMAN GROWTH; AGING; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATIONS; CORRELATIONS WITH CLIMATE; HIGH-ALTITUDE ADAPTATION; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF ANTHROPOMETRY; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; 12. Pigmentation; SKIN COLOR; THE BIOLOGY OF SKIN COLOR; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: SKIN AND HAIR COLOR OF THE NEANDERTALS; VARIATION IN HUMAN SKIN COLOR; THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SKIN COLOR; SELECTION FOR DARK SKIN; SELECTION FOR LIGHT SKIN; OTHER ASPECTS OF HUMAN PIGMENTATION; HAIR COLOR; EYE COLOR; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES; SECTION IV: POPULATION STUDIES AND HUMAN BEHAVIORS; 13. Population Structure and Population History; GENETIC DISTANCES; COMPUTING GENETIC DISTANCES; THE REPRESENTATION OF GENETIC DISTANCES; POPULATION STRUCTURE; FACTORS EFFECTING POPULATION STRUCTURE; CASE STUDY: THE ALAND ISLANDS; *EXPLORATIONS IN DIVERSITY: THE COLONIZATION OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN; CASE STUDIES IN POPULATION HISTORY; ADMIXTURE IN AFRICAN AMERICANS; THE POPULATION HISTORY OF IRELAND; *GLOBAL GENETIC DIVERSITY AND THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES; LEVELS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY; GENETIC DISTANCE; GENE TREES; NEANDERTAL DNA; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS; 14. Genetics, Behavior, and Human Variation; HUMAN BEHAVIORAL GENETICS; GENETICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND BEHAVIOR; CASE STUDIES IN BEHAVIORAL GENETICS; DYSLEXIA; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; IQ TEST SCORES; CHAPTER SUMMARY; SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES ; GLOSSARY; REFERENCES; INDEX