Biochemical Pathways

Preface to the Second Edition IX From the Preface to the First Edition X Contributors XI 1 Introduction and General Aspects 1 Gerhard Michal and Dietmar Schomburg 1.1 Organization of This Book 1 1.2 Carbohydrate Chemistry and Structure 4 1.3 Amino Acid Chemistry and Structure 5 1.4 Lipid Chemistry and Structure 6 1.5 Physico-Chemical Aspects of Biochemical Processess 8 2 The Cell and Its Contents 14 Gerhard Michal and Dietmar Schomburg 2.1 Classification of Living Organisms 14 2.2 Structure of Cells 14 2.3 Protein Structure and Function 18 2.4 Enzymes 21 2.5 Regulation of the Enzyme Activity 24 2.6 Nucleic Acid Structure 26 2.7 Genetic Code and the Flow of Information 30 2.8 Polymeric Carbohydrates 31 2.9 Glycosylated Proteins and Peptides 32 2.10 Lipid Aggregates and Membranes 35 3 Metabolism 37 3.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Citrate Cycle 37 Röbbe Wünschiers 3.2 Amino Acids and Derivatives 58 Röbbe Wünschiers 3.3 Tetrapyrroles 82 Martina Jahn and Dieter Jahn 3.4 Lipids and Glycolipids 93 Röbbe Wünschiers 3.5 Steroids and Isoprenoids 107 Röbbe Wünschiers 3.6 Nucleotides and Nucleosides 124 Röbbe Wünschiers 3.7 Cofactors and Vitamins 133 Ida Schomburg 3.8 Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Bacteria 149 Susanne Peifer and Elmar Heinzle 3.9 Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Eukarya 157 Helmut Burtscher 3.10 Special Bacterial Metabolism and Biosynthesis of Antimicrobials 164 Julia Garbe, Annika Steen and Max Schobert 3.11 Electron Transfer Reactions and Oxidative Phosphorylation 183 Martina Jahn and Dieter Jahn 3.12 Photosynthesis 188 Dieter Oesterhelt and Josef Wachtveitl 3.13 Plant Secondary Metabolism 193 Antje Chang 4 Protein Biosynthesis, Modifications and Degradation 210 4.1 Protein Synthesis in Bacteria 210 Martina Jahn and Dieter Jahn 4.2 Protein Biosynthesis in Eukarya 219 Röbbe Wünschiers 4.3 Cell Cycle in Eukarya 232 Stefan Ries 4.4 Posttranslational Modification of Proteins 238 Röbbe Wünschiers 4.5 Protein Folding, Transport / Targeting and Degradation 244 Petra Dersch 5 Viruses 261 Klaus Klumpp 5.1 General Characteristics of Viruses 261 5.2 DNA Viruses 264 5.3 RNA Viruses 267 5.4 Retroviruses 268 6 Transport 272 6.1 Transport Through Membranes 272 Wilhelm Just 6.2 Transport of Lipids in Plasma 279 Horst Klima 6.3 Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin 282 Gerhard Michal 7 Signal Transduction and Cellular Communication 286 Gerhard Niederfellner 7.1 Intercellular Signal Transmission by Hormones 286 7.2 Nerve Conduction and Synaptic Transmission 294 7.3 Principles of Intracellular Communication 296 7.4 Receptors Coupled to Heterotrimeric G-Proteins 299 7.5 Receptors Acting Through Tyrosine Kinases 311 7.6 Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) 319 7.7 Receptors for Steroid and Thyroid Hormones, for Retinoids and Vitamin D 321 7.8 Cyclic GMP Dependent Pathways and Effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) 322 8 Immune System 325 Ernst Peter Rieber 8.1 Components of the Immune System 325 8.2 Generation of a Specific Immune Response 343 8.3 Pathologic Immune responses 352 8.4 Adhesion of Leukocytes 354 Anton Haselbeck 9 Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 357 Peter Müller 9.1 Hemostasis 357 9.2 Initial Reactions 358 9.3 Coagulation Propagation and Control 359 9.4 Platelets (Thrombocytes) 362 9.5 Fibrinolysis 364 10 Biochemical Networks, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology 366 Dietmar Schomburg 10.1 Systems Biology and Networks 366 10.2 Modeling of Metabolic Fluxes 366 10.3 Biochemical Pathways Information Resources 366 Index 374