The Physics of Radiotherapy X-Rays and Electrons
Published on 1. July 2007
Book
Paperback/Softback
916 pages
978-1-930524-36-1 (ISBN)
Description
This book is an updated successor to The Physics of Radiotherapy X-Rays from Linear Accelerators published in 1997. This new volume includes a significant amount of new material, including new chapters on electrons in radiotherapy and IMRT, IGRT, and tomotherapy, which have become key developments in radiation therapy.
Also updated from the earlier edition are the physics beam modeling chapters, including Monte Carlo methods, adding those mysterious electrons, as well as discourse on radiobiological modeling including TCP, NTCP, and EUD and the impact of these concepts on plan analysis and inverse planning.
This book is intended as a standard reference text for postgraduate radiation oncology medical physics students. It will also be of interest to radiation oncology registrars and residents, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists. The new text contains review questions at the end of each chapter and full bibliographic entries. Fully indexed. Selected questions and answers from The Q Book, The Physics of Radiotherapy X-Rays: Problems and Solutions are updated and integrated into the text.
Also updated from the earlier edition are the physics beam modeling chapters, including Monte Carlo methods, adding those mysterious electrons, as well as discourse on radiobiological modeling including TCP, NTCP, and EUD and the impact of these concepts on plan analysis and inverse planning.
This book is intended as a standard reference text for postgraduate radiation oncology medical physics students. It will also be of interest to radiation oncology registrars and residents, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists. The new text contains review questions at the end of each chapter and full bibliographic entries. Fully indexed. Selected questions and answers from The Q Book, The Physics of Radiotherapy X-Rays: Problems and Solutions are updated and integrated into the text.
More details
Language
English
Place of publication
Madison, WI
United States
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 254 mm
Width: 178 mm
ISBN-13
978-1-930524-36-1 (9781930524361)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Content
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1-Medical Linear Accelerators
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Principles of Operation
- 1.3 Klystrons and Magnetrons
- 1.4 Electron Gun14
- 1.5 Accelerator Waveguide
- 1.6 Beam Delivery
- 1.7 Collimation
- 1.8 Wedges
- 1.9 Compensators
- 1.10 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices
- 1.11 On-Board Imaging Devices
- 1.12 Helical Tomotherapy
- 1.13 Gamma Knife and CyberKnifeReferences
- Questions
- Chapter 2-Interaction Properties of X-Rays and Electrons
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Cross Sections and Attenuation Coefficients
- 2.3 Photon Interaction Processes
- 2.4 Photon Beam Transport
- 2.5 Electron Interactions
- 2.6 Absorbed DoseReferences
- Questions
- Chapter 3-Dosimetry of Megavoltage X-Rays and Electrons
- 3.1 Introduction: Why Measure Dose?
- 3.2 The Ideal Dosimeter: Some Definitions
- 3.3 Radiotherapy Dosimetry Phantoms
- 3.4 Theory of Ionization Chamber Dosimetry
- 3.5 Ionization Chambers: Commercial Chambers and Electrometers
- 3.6 Semiconductor Detectors
- 3.7 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters
- 3.8 Film Dosimetry
- 3.9 Other Means of Dosimetry
- 3.10 Dosimeter Overview
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 4-X-Ray Beam Properties
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Calibration Field Factors
- 4.3 Build-up Region
- 4.4 Percentage Depth Dose
- 4.5 Isocentric Dose Ratios
- 4.6 Beam Dose Profiles
- 4.7 Attenuation and Shielding
- 4.8 A Few Comments on kV X-Rays
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 5-Linear Accelerator Electron Beam Properties
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Characterization of a Clinical Electron Beam
- 5.3 Depth Doses and Profiles
- 5.4 Electron Applicators and Cut-outs
- 5.5 Small and Irregular Fields
- 5.6 Variations in Geometry
- 5.7 Inhomogeneities
- 5.8 Typical Electron Beam Applications
- 5.9 A Few Comments on Protons
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 6-Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: X-Rays
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Isodose Curves
- 6.3 Monitor Unit Calculations
- 6.4 Classical Simulation
- 6.5 Computed Tomography Simulation
- 6.6 Other Treatment Planning Aids
- 6.7 Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Hardware
- 6.8 Dose Display
- 6.9 Dose-Volume Histograms
- 6.10 Defining Treatment Planning Volumes
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 7-Special Procedures: Stereotactic Radiotherapy and IMRT
- 7.1 The Rationale for Stereotactic Radiosurgery
- 7.2 Clinical Indications for SRS
- 7.3 Traditional Stereotactic Targeting
- 7.4 Frameless Stereotactic Targeting
- 7.5 SRS Treatment Planning
- 7.6 MMLC-based Radiosurgery Techniques
- 7.7 Robotic Radiosurgery: The CyberKnife
- 7.8 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
- 7.9 The Rationale for IMRT
- 7.10 Computation of Optimal Intensity Patterns for IMRT
- 7.11 MLC Leaf Sequences for IMRT
- 7.12 Dosimetric Properties of MLCs
- 7.13 Independent Plan Dosimetry Verification
- 7.14 Clinical Treatment with IMRT
- 7.15 Tomotherapy as an IMRT Modality
- 7.16 Analogy of Tomotherapy to CT Imaging
- 7.17 The TomoTherapy Hi-Art System®
- 7.18 Helical TomoTherapy Parameters
- 7.19 Clinical Use of Helical TomoTherapy
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 8-Calibration of Megavoltage Photon and Electron Beams
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Absolute Dosimetry with Ionization Chambers
- 8.3 Air-Kerma Calibration-based Protocols
- 8.4 Dose-to-Water Calibration-based Protocols
- 8.5 Uncertainty Analysis and Verification
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 9-Beam Models: Part I
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 The Milan/Bentley Model
- 9.3 Inhomogeneity Corrections
- 9.4 Electron Pencil Beams
- 9.5 Brachytherapy Source Models
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 10-Beam Models: Part II
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
- 10.3 BEAM
- 10.4 Geant4
- 10.5 Convolutions/Superposition Methods
- 10.6 Macro Monte Carlo
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 11-Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Definition of Terms
- 11.3 Equipment That Requires QA
- 11.4 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) QA
- 11.5 Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) QA
- 11.6 In Vivo Dosimetry
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 12-Patient Immobilization and Image Guidance
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 The ICRU Target Definitions
- 12.3 Patient Setup and Immobilization
- 12.4 Interfraction Motion Management: Image Guidance
- 12.5 Intrafraction Motion Management
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 13-Radiation Protection and Room Shielding
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 The Framework of ICRP Report 60
- 13.3 Dose Limits
- 13.4 Room Shielding
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 14-Tumor and Normal Tissue Response
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Mechanism of Cell Killing
- 14.3 Introduction to Radiobiological Models
- 14.4 The Four Rs of Radiobiology
- 14.5 Linear Quadratic Model Including Tumor Proliferation
- 14.6 Models of Tumor and Normal Tissue Response
- 14.7 Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD)
- 14.8 Clinical Trials Definitions
- 14.9 Current Issues in Radiobiology
- References
- Questions
- Answers to Chapter Questions
- Index
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1-Medical Linear Accelerators
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Principles of Operation
- 1.3 Klystrons and Magnetrons
- 1.4 Electron Gun14
- 1.5 Accelerator Waveguide
- 1.6 Beam Delivery
- 1.7 Collimation
- 1.8 Wedges
- 1.9 Compensators
- 1.10 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices
- 1.11 On-Board Imaging Devices
- 1.12 Helical Tomotherapy
- 1.13 Gamma Knife and CyberKnifeReferences
- Questions
- Chapter 2-Interaction Properties of X-Rays and Electrons
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Cross Sections and Attenuation Coefficients
- 2.3 Photon Interaction Processes
- 2.4 Photon Beam Transport
- 2.5 Electron Interactions
- 2.6 Absorbed DoseReferences
- Questions
- Chapter 3-Dosimetry of Megavoltage X-Rays and Electrons
- 3.1 Introduction: Why Measure Dose?
- 3.2 The Ideal Dosimeter: Some Definitions
- 3.3 Radiotherapy Dosimetry Phantoms
- 3.4 Theory of Ionization Chamber Dosimetry
- 3.5 Ionization Chambers: Commercial Chambers and Electrometers
- 3.6 Semiconductor Detectors
- 3.7 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters
- 3.8 Film Dosimetry
- 3.9 Other Means of Dosimetry
- 3.10 Dosimeter Overview
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 4-X-Ray Beam Properties
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Calibration Field Factors
- 4.3 Build-up Region
- 4.4 Percentage Depth Dose
- 4.5 Isocentric Dose Ratios
- 4.6 Beam Dose Profiles
- 4.7 Attenuation and Shielding
- 4.8 A Few Comments on kV X-Rays
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 5-Linear Accelerator Electron Beam Properties
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Characterization of a Clinical Electron Beam
- 5.3 Depth Doses and Profiles
- 5.4 Electron Applicators and Cut-outs
- 5.5 Small and Irregular Fields
- 5.6 Variations in Geometry
- 5.7 Inhomogeneities
- 5.8 Typical Electron Beam Applications
- 5.9 A Few Comments on Protons
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 6-Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: X-Rays
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Isodose Curves
- 6.3 Monitor Unit Calculations
- 6.4 Classical Simulation
- 6.5 Computed Tomography Simulation
- 6.6 Other Treatment Planning Aids
- 6.7 Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Hardware
- 6.8 Dose Display
- 6.9 Dose-Volume Histograms
- 6.10 Defining Treatment Planning Volumes
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 7-Special Procedures: Stereotactic Radiotherapy and IMRT
- 7.1 The Rationale for Stereotactic Radiosurgery
- 7.2 Clinical Indications for SRS
- 7.3 Traditional Stereotactic Targeting
- 7.4 Frameless Stereotactic Targeting
- 7.5 SRS Treatment Planning
- 7.6 MMLC-based Radiosurgery Techniques
- 7.7 Robotic Radiosurgery: The CyberKnife
- 7.8 Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
- 7.9 The Rationale for IMRT
- 7.10 Computation of Optimal Intensity Patterns for IMRT
- 7.11 MLC Leaf Sequences for IMRT
- 7.12 Dosimetric Properties of MLCs
- 7.13 Independent Plan Dosimetry Verification
- 7.14 Clinical Treatment with IMRT
- 7.15 Tomotherapy as an IMRT Modality
- 7.16 Analogy of Tomotherapy to CT Imaging
- 7.17 The TomoTherapy Hi-Art System®
- 7.18 Helical TomoTherapy Parameters
- 7.19 Clinical Use of Helical TomoTherapy
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 8-Calibration of Megavoltage Photon and Electron Beams
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Absolute Dosimetry with Ionization Chambers
- 8.3 Air-Kerma Calibration-based Protocols
- 8.4 Dose-to-Water Calibration-based Protocols
- 8.5 Uncertainty Analysis and Verification
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 9-Beam Models: Part I
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 The Milan/Bentley Model
- 9.3 Inhomogeneity Corrections
- 9.4 Electron Pencil Beams
- 9.5 Brachytherapy Source Models
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 10-Beam Models: Part II
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
- 10.3 BEAM
- 10.4 Geant4
- 10.5 Convolutions/Superposition Methods
- 10.6 Macro Monte Carlo
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 11-Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Definition of Terms
- 11.3 Equipment That Requires QA
- 11.4 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) QA
- 11.5 Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) QA
- 11.6 In Vivo Dosimetry
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 12-Patient Immobilization and Image Guidance
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 The ICRU Target Definitions
- 12.3 Patient Setup and Immobilization
- 12.4 Interfraction Motion Management: Image Guidance
- 12.5 Intrafraction Motion Management
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 13-Radiation Protection and Room Shielding
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 The Framework of ICRP Report 60
- 13.3 Dose Limits
- 13.4 Room Shielding
- References
- Questions
- Chapter 14-Tumor and Normal Tissue Response
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Mechanism of Cell Killing
- 14.3 Introduction to Radiobiological Models
- 14.4 The Four Rs of Radiobiology
- 14.5 Linear Quadratic Model Including Tumor Proliferation
- 14.6 Models of Tumor and Normal Tissue Response
- 14.7 Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD)
- 14.8 Clinical Trials Definitions
- 14.9 Current Issues in Radiobiology
- References
- Questions
- Answers to Chapter Questions
- Index