Genocide

Contents ; Preface and Acknowledgments ; Introduction: The Study and History of Genocide ; Chapter One: Concepts ; 1. Genos and Cide Raphael Lemkin ; Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (1944) ; 2. The Original Legal Definition UN Genocide Convention ; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260(III) A of the United Nations General Assembly, December 9, 1948 ; 3. Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Genocide William Schabas ; William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (2009) ; 4. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court BL The Legal Definition ; Revised ; U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9 ; 5. Genocides as Utopias of Race and Nation Eric D. Weitz ; Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (2003) ; 6. A Sociological Definition Helen Fein ; Helen Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective (1991) ; 7. Politicide Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr ; Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr, "Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945," International Studies Quarterly (1988) ; 8. Democide R. J. Rummel ; R.J. Rummel, Death by Government (1994) ; 9. Gendercide Mary Anne Warren ; Mary Anne Warren, Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection (1985) ; 10. Cultural Genocide David Nersessian ; David Nersessian, "Rethinking Cultural Genocide Under International Law," Human Rights Dialogue (2005) ; 11. Colonial Genocide David Maybury-Lewis ; David Maybury-Lewis, "Genocide against Indigenous Peoples," in Alexander Laban Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (2002) ; 12. Genocidal Massacre Israel W. Charny ; Israel W. Charny, "Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide," in George J. Andreopoulos, ed., Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (1994) ; 13. Genocide as a Form of War Martin Shaw ; Martin Shaw, War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society (2003) ; 14. Atrocity Crimes David Scheffer ; David Scheffer, "Genocide and Atrocity Crimes," Genocide Studies & Prevention (2006) ; 15. Extremely Violent Societies Christian Gerlach ; Christian Gerlach, Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World (2010) ; 16. The Genocidal Continuum Nancy Scheper-Hughes ; Nancy Scheper-Hughes, "The Genocidal Continuum: Peace-Time Crimes," in Jeannette Mageo, ed., Power and the Self (2002) ; 17. Is the Holocaust Unique? Yehuda Bauer ; Yehuda Bauer, Rethinking the Holocaust (2001) ; 18. The Politics of Naming Mahmood Mamdani ; Mahmood Mamdani, "The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, and Insurgency," London Review of Books (2007) ; 19. Genocidalism Aleksandar Jokic ; Aleksandar Jokic, "Genocidalism," Journal of Ethics (2004) ; Chapter Two: Causes ; 20. The Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races BL Patrick Brantlinger ; Patrick Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings: The Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930 (2003) ; 21. The Origins of the Genocidal Moment in the Colonization of Australia BL A. Dirk Moses ; A. Dirk Moses, <"An Antipodean Genocide? The Origins of the Genocidal Moment in the Colonization of Australia,>" Journal of Genocide Research (2000) ; 22. Genocide before the Holocaust BL Cathie Carmichael ; Cathie Carmichael, Genocide before the Holocaust (2009) ; 23. Revolution and Genocide in the Ottoman Empire BL Robert Melson ; Robert Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust (1992) ; 24. The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference BL Vahakn N. Dadrian ; Vakahn N. Dadrian, <"The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians,>" Holocaust and Genocide Studies (1993) ; 25. Explaining the Holocaust: Intentionalism vs. Structuralism BL Ian Kershaw ; Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (2000) ; 26. Eliminationist Antisemitism as Genocidal Motivation BL Daniel Jonah Goldhagen ; Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996) ; 27. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism BL Gavin I. Langmuir ; Gavin I. Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (1990) ; 28. The Origins of the <"Final Solution>" BL Christopher R. Browning ; Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (2004) ; 29. Demography and the Holocaust BL Gotz Aly and Susanne Heim ; Gotz Aly and Susanne Heim, Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction ( 2002) ; 30. Why Modernity Matters BL Zygmunt Bauman ; Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Holocaust ([1989] 2000) ; 31. The Ideology of Total Revolution in Pol Pot's Cambodia BL Karl D. Jackson ; Karl D. Jackson, <"The Ideology of Total Revolution,>" in idem., ed., Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezvous with Death (1989) ; 32. The Politics of National Homogeneity in Serbia BL Ivo Banac ; Ivo Banac, <"The Politics of National Homogeneity,>" in Brad K. Blitz, ed., War and Change in the Balkans: Nationalism, Conflict and Cooperation (2006) ; 33. In God's Name BL Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack ; Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack, <"Introduction,>" in idem., eds., In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century (2001) ; 34. Environmental Scarcity and the Genocide in Rwanda BL Val Percival and Thomas Homer-Dixon ; Val Percival and Thomas Homer-Dixon, <"Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda,>" Journal of Environment and Development (1996) ; 35. When Victims Become Killers BL Mahmood Mamdani ; Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (2001) ; 36. Unsimplifying Darfur BL Rene Lemarchand ; Rene Lemarchand, <"Unsimplifying Darfur,>" (2005) ; 37. Obedience to Authority BL Stanley Milgram. ; Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (1974) ; 38. Difficult Life Conditions BL Ervin Staub ; Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence (1989) ; 39. Becoming Evil BL James Waller ; James Waller, Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Murder, Second Edition (2007) ; 40. Democide and Genocide as Rent-Seeking Activities BL Gerald W. Scully ; Gerald W. Scully, <"Democide and Genocide as Rent-Seeking Activities,>" Public Choice (1997) ; 41. The Strategic Logic of Mass Killing BL Benjamin A. Valentino ; Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (2004) ; 42. The Killing Trap BL Manus Midlarsky ; Manus Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (2005) ; 43. The Dark Side of Democracy BL Michael Mann ; Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (2005) ; Chapter Three: Courses ; 44. The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC BL Ben Kiernan ; Ben Kiernan, <"The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC,>" Diogenes (2004) ; 45. Extermination, Hyper-Exploitation, and Forced Deportation in ; Pre-Modern Times BL Mark Levene ; Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the National State, Volume 1: The Meaning of ; Genocide (2005) ; 46. American Holocaust BL David E. Stannard ; David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (1993) ; 47. Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide? BL Guenter Lewy ; Guenter Lewy, <"Were Americans Indians the Victims of Genocide?,>" Commentary (2004) ; 48. The Conquest of America BL Tzvetan Todorov ; Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (1999) ; 49. Ontological Destruction of Canadian Aboriginal Peoples BL Andrew Woolford, ; Andrew Woolford, <"Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples,>" Genocide Studies & Prevention (2009) ; 50. The Irish Potato Famine, 1845-1849 BL Cecil Woodham-Smith ; Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland, 1845-1849 ([1962] 1991) ; 51. From Native Policy to Genocide in South West Africa BL George Steinmetz ; George Steinmetz, The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa (2007) ; 52. Aboriginal Child Removal and 'Half-Castes' in Australia BL Robert Manne ; Robert Manne, <"Aboriginal Child Removal and the Question of Genocide, 1900-1940,>" in A. Dirk Moses, ed., Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (2004) ; 53. Absolute Destruction as Strategy: Wilhelmine Germany and the Ottoman Empire BL Isabel V. Hull ; Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (2004) ; 54. Cumulative Radicalization and the Armenian Genocide BL Donald Bloxham ; Donald Bloxham, <"The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy,>" Past & Present (2003) ; 55. Hunger by Design: Holodomor in Ukraine BL Andrea Graziosi ; Andrea Graziosi, <"The Soviet 1931-1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be?,>" in Halyna Hryn, ed., Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine in Its Soviet Context (2008) ; 56. The Soviet Deportation of the Chechen-Ingush BL Norman M. Naimark ; Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (2001) ; 57. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin BLTimothy Snyder ; Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (2010) ; 58. Mass Murder Technologies BL Jacques Semelin ; Jacques Semelin, Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide (2007) ; 59. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 in Poland BL Christopher Browning ; Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (2001) ; 60. Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community BL Thomas Kuhne ; Thomas Kuhne, Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community, 1918-1945 (2010) ; 61. War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front, 1941 BL Geoffrey P. Megargee ; Geoffrey P. Megargee, War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 (2007) ; 62. Networks of Nazi Persecution BL Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel ; Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel, <"The Holocaust as Division-of-Labor-Based Crime-Evidence and Analytical Challenges,>" in idem., eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business, and the Organization of the Holocaust (2005) ; 63. Annihilation of State Prisoners through Labor BL Nikolaus Wachsmann ; <"'Annihilation through Labor'>": The Killing of State Prisoners in the Third Reich,>" Journal of Modern History (1999) ; 64. Nazi Concentration Camps BL Wolfgang Sofsky ; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp (1997) ; 65. Collective Effervescence BL Dan Stone ; Dan Stone, <"Genocide as Transgression,>" European Journal of Social Theory (2004) ; 66. A Head for an Eye: 'Disproportionate Revenge' in the Cambodian Genocide BL Alexander Laban Hinton ; Alexander Laban Hinton, <"A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide,>" American Ethnologist (1998) ; 67. Who Were the Genocidaires of Rwanda? BL Scott Straus ; Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda (2006) ; 68. The Cultural Face of Hutu Terror BL Christopher Taylor ; Christopher C. Taylor, <"The Cultural Face of Terror in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994,>" in Alexander Laban Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (2002) ; 69. Genocide in Gujarat BL Martha C. Nussbaum ; Martha C. Nussbaum, <"Genocide in Gujarat,>" Dissent (2003) ; 70. Insurrection in Darfur BL Robert O. Collins ; Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan (2008) ; Chapter Four: Coverage ; 71. Dachau BL Martha Gellhorn ; Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War (1959) ; 72. Buried by the Times BL Laurel Leff ; Laurel Leff, Buried by The Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper (2005) ; 73. Covering Nazi Atrocities in Photographs BL Barbie Zelizer ; Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (1998) ; 74. The Invention of 'Ethnic Cleansing' in Yugoslavia BL Laura Silber and Allan Little ; Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia (1995) ; 75. Srebrenica BL David Rohde ; David Rohde, Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica: Europe's Worst Massacre since World War II (1997) ; 76. Tribes Battle for Rwandan Capital BL The New York Times ; <"Tribes Battle for Rwandan Capital: New Massacres Reported,>" The New York Times, April 16, 1994 ; 77. Shooting Dogs BL Philip Gourevitch ; Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With our Families: Stories from Rwanda (1998) ; 78. Dying in Darfur BL Samantha Power ; Samantha Power, <"Dying in Darfur: Can the Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan be Stopped?,>" The New Yorker, August 30, 2004 ; 79. Narrating Darfur Deborah Murphy ; Deborah Murphy, "Narrating Darfur,>" in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007) ; 80. Reporting Genocide Is Not Easy BL Conor Foley ; Conor Foley, <"Reporting Genocide Isn't Easy: The New Generation of Citizen Journalists are a Mixed Blessing for Humanitarianism,>" The Guardian, December 28, 2006 ; Chapter Five: Consequences ; 81. From Africa to Auschwitz BL Benjamin Madley ; Benjamin Madley, <"From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe,>" European History Quarterly (2005) ; 82. The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts BL Suzanne E. Moranian ; Suzanne E. Moranian, <"The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts,>" in Jay Winter, ed., America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (2003) ; 83. Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge BL Evan Gottesman ; Evan Gottesman, Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge: Inside the Politics of Nation-Building (2003) ; 84. Dangerous Sanctuaries in Zaire BL Sarah Kenyon Lischer ; Sarah Kenyon Lischer, Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid (2005) ; 85. John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond with Alberto Palloni and Patricia Parker BL The U.S. State Department Atrocities Documentation Survey in Darfur>" ; John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide (2008) ; 86. DNA Technology and Srebrenica's Missing BL Sarah E. Wagner ; Sarah E. Wagner, To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica's Missing (2008) ; 87. The Trauma of Genocide BL Jens Meierhenrich ; Jens Meierhenrich, <"The Trauma of Genocide,>" Journal of Genocide Research (2007) ; 88. Cultural Trauma BL Jeffrey Alexander ; Jeffrey C. Alexander, <"Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma,>" in Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernhard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka, eds., Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity (2004) ; 89. Genocide and Social Death BL Claudia Card ; Claudia Card, <"Genocide and Social Death,>" Hypatia (2003) ; 90. Bosnia after the Dayton Agreement of 1995 BL Sumantra Bose ; Sumantra Bose, Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (2002) ; 91. From Genocide to Dictatorship in Rwanda BL Filip Reyntjens ; Filip Reyntjens, <"Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship,>" African Affairs (2004) ; 92. Africa's World War BL Gerard Prunier ; Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (2009) ; 93. The Unseen Regional Implications of the Crisis in Darfur BL Roland Marchal ; Roland Marchal, <"The Unseen Regional Implications of the Crisis in Darfur,>" in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007) ; Chapter Six: Courts ; 94. Testimony BL Giorgio Agamben ; Giorgio Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive (2002) ; 95. The Turkish Military Tribunal BL Vahakn N. Dadrian ; Vahakn N. Dadrian, <"The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series,>" Holocaust & Genocide Studies (1997) ; 96. Film as Witness at the IMT BL Lawrence Douglas ; Lawrence Douglas, The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust (2001) ; 97. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial BL Devin Pendas ; Devin Pendas, The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963-1965: Genocide, History, and the Limits of the Law (2006) ; 98. Did Tutsi Constitute an 'Ethnical' Group? BL International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ; Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, September 2, 1998 ; 99. Defining Rape Internationally BL Catherine MacKinnon ; Catherine MacKinnon, <"Defining Rape Internationally: A Comment on Akayesu,>" Columbia Journal of Transnational Law (2006) ; 100. State Responsibility for Genocide: Bosnia v. Serbia BL International Court of Justice ; Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), 2007 ICJ, February 26, 2007 ; 101. Extermination as a Crime against Humanity vs. Genocide BL Guenael Mettraux ; Guenael Mettraux, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals (2005) ; 102. Universal Jurisdiction and the 'Butare Four' BL Luc Reydams ; Belgium's First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: The Butare Four Case Journal of International Criminal Justice (2003) ; 103. Rwanda's Gacaca Jurisdictions BL Lars Waldorf ; Lars Waldorf, <"Rwanda's Failing Experiment in Restorative Justice,>" in Dennis Sullivan and Larry Tifft, eds., Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective (2006) ; 104. The Long History of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal BL Kelly Whitley ; Kelly Whitley, <"History of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal: Origins, Negotiations, and Establishment,>" in John D. Ciorciari, ed., The Khmer Rouge Tribunal (2006) ; 105. Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a ; Warrant of Arrest against Omar Al Bashir BL International Criminal Court ; In the Case of the Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (<"Omar Al Bashir>"), Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, March 4, 2009 ; 106. A Prosecutor Without Borders BL Julie Flint and Alex de Waal ; Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, <"Case Closed: A Prosecutor Without Borders,>" World Affairs (2009) ; Chapter Seven: Coping ; 107. Deathfugue BL Paul Celan ; John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew (1995) ; 108. Homines Ludentes BL Jean Amery ; Jean Amery, At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities (1980) ; 109. The Question of German Guilt BL Karl Jaspers ; Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt ([1947] 2000) ; 110. The Meaning of Working Through the Past BL Theodor W. Adorno ; Theodor W. Adorno, <"The Meaning of Working Through the Past,>" in Rolf Tiedemann, ed., Can One Live after Auschwitz? A Philosophical Reader (2003) ; 111. The Gray Zone BL Primo Levi ; Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (1989) ; 112. When Memory Comes BL Saul Friedlander ; Saul Friedlander, When Memory Comes (1979) ; 113. Useless Knowledge BL Charlotte Delbo ; Charlotte Delbo, Auschwitz and After (1995) ; 114. Lanzmann's Shoah BL David Denby ; David Denby, <"Out of Darkness,>" New York Magazine, October 28, 1985, reprinted in Stuart Liebman, ed., Claude Lanzmann's Shoah: Key Essays (2007) ; 115. Holocaust Testimonies BL Lawrence Langer ; Lawrence Langer, Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (1991) ; 116. Yad Vashem BL James E. Young ; James E. Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (1993) ; 117. Khmer Meanings of Pain BL John Marcucci ; John Marcucci <"Sharing the Pain: Critical Values and Behaviors in Khmer Culture,>" in May M. Ebihara, Carol A. Mortland, and Judy Ledgerwood, eds., Cambodian Culture since 1975: Homeland and Exile, (1994) ; 118. Fear as a Way of Life in Xe'caj BL Linda Green ; Linda Green, <"Fear as a Way of Life,>" Cultural Anthropology (1994) ; 119. On Trial BL Orhan Pamuk ; Orhan Pamuk, <"On Trial,>" The New Yorker, December 19, 2005 ; 120. The Tenth Circle of Hell BL Rezak Hukanovi? ; Rezak Hukanovi?, The Tenth Circle of Hell: A Memoir of Life in the Death Camps of Bosnia (1998) ; 121. Shake Hands with the Devil BL Romeo Dallaire ; Romeo Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003) ; 122. Children's Drawings of Darfur BL Carla Rose Shapiro ; Carla Rose Shapiro, <"Visual Advocates: Depicting Darfur,>" in Amanda F. Grzyb, ed., The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan (2009) ; Chapter Eight: Compensation ; 123. On Apology BL Aaron Lazare ; Aaron Lazare, On Apology (2004) ; 124. Remarks by the President of the United States at Kigali Airport, March 25, 1998 BL William J. Clinton ; "Remarks by the President to Genocide Survivors, Assistance Workers, and U.S. and Rwanda Government Officials," The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, March 25, 1998 ; 125. Australia's 'Sorry Books' Haydie Gooder and Jane M. Jacobs ; Haydie Gooder and Jane M. Jacobs, 'On the Border of the Unsayable': The Apology in Postcolonizing Australia," Interventions (2000) ; 126. Superseding Historic Injustice Jeremy Waldron ; Jeremy Waldron, "Superseding Historic Injustice," Ethics (1992) ; 127. Acknowledging and Rectifying the Genocide of American Indians William Bradford ; William Bradford, "Acknowledging and Rectifying the Genocide of American Indians: 'Why Is It That They Carry Their Lives on Their Fingernails?,' in Claudia Card and Armen T. Marsoobian, eds., Genocide's Aftermath: Responsibility and Repair (2007) ; 128. Compensation for Forced and Slave Laborers in Nazi ; Concentration Camps John Authers ; John Authers, "Making Good Again: German Compensation for Forced and Slave Laborers," in Pablo de Greiff, ed., The Handbook of Reparations (2006) ; 129. The International Court of Justice's Refusal of a Reparation Order in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro Christian Tomuschat ; Christian Tomuschat, "Reparation in Cases of Genocide, Journal of International Criminal Justice (2007) ; 130. The Reparation Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Gilbert Bitti and Gabriela Gonzalez Rivas ; Gilbert Bitti and Gabriela Gonzalez Rivas, "The Reparation Provisions for Victims under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court," in The International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ed., Redressing Injustices through Mass Claims Processes: Innovative Responses to Unique Challenges (2006) ; Chapter Nine: Cures ; 131. The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-Examined James H. Kitchens III ; James H. Kitchens III, "The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-Examined," Journal of Military History (1994) ; 132. The Prevention of Genocide UN Genocide Convention ; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260(III)A of the United Nations General Assembly, December 9, 1948 ; 133. What Duty to Intervene? William Schabas ; William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (2009 ; 134. Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia Stephen J. Morris ; Stephen J. Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War (1999) ; 135. Bystanders to Genocide in Rwanda Samantha Power ; Samantha Power, "Bystanders to Genocide," Atlantic Monthly (2001) ; 136. The Rwandan Genocide and the Limits of Humanitarian Intervention Alan Kuperman ; Alan Kuperman, The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda (2001) ; 137. Inside the UN in 1994 Michael Barnett ; Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda (2002) ; 138. Independent International Commission on Kosovo: Illegal but Legitimate ; The 1999 NATO Intervention in Kosovo ; Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report: Conflict, ; International Response, Lessons Learned (2000) ; 139. How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor Geoffrey Robinson ; Geoffrey Robinson, "If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die": How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor (2010) ; 140. The Argument About Humanitarian Intervention BL Michael Walzer ; Michael Walzer, "The Argument About Humanitarian Intervention," Dissent (2002) ; 141. Why Not Genocide in Darfur International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur ; International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, January 25, 2005 ; 142. The African Union Mediation in Darfur Dawit Toga ; Dawit Toga, "The African Union Mediation and the Abuja Peace Talks," in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007) ; 143. Genocide and the Europeans Karen E. Smith ; Karen E. Smith, Genocide and the Europeans (2010) ; 144. Obama, Adrift on Sudan Andrew S. Natsios ; Andrew S. Natsios, "Obama, Adrift on Sudan," Washington Post, June 23, 2009 ; 145. Whither Reconciliation? Jens Meierhenrich, ; Jens Meierhenrich, "Varieties of Reconciliation," Law & Social Inquiry (2008) ; 146. Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using Media Elizabeth Levy Paluck ; Elizabeth Levy Paluck, "Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2009) ; 147. Quantitative Risk Assessment Barbara Harff ; Barbara Harff,"No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955," American Political Science Review (2003) ; 148. The Prediction of Genocide Onset Matthew Krain ; Matthew Krain, "State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides," Journal of Conflict Resolution (1997) ; 149. R2P: Responsibility to Protect International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty ; International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001) ; 150. Responsibility to Protect Populations from Genocide, War Crimes, Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes against Humanity United Nations General Assembly ; U.N. General Assembly, 60th Session. Draft Resolution referred to the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly by the General Assembly at its Fifty-Ninth Session (A/60/L.1), September 20, 2005