Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation

Gas Exchange and Regulation of Respiration.- 1 The Regulation of Cutaneous Gas Exchange.- 1 Why Study Cutaneous Gas Exchange?.- 2 Major Themes.- 3 Relative Importance of Diffusion and Perfusion in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange.- 4 Importance of Ventilating the Skin in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Water.- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 2 The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Aquatic Gas Exchange.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biochemical Properties.- 3 Gas Transfer.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Gas Exchange in the Fish Swimbladder.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Swimbladder Architecture.- 3 Swimbladder Gas.- 4 Mechanisms for Deposition of Gas: The Classical Model.- 5 Recent Additions to the Classical Model.- 6 Regulation in the Swimbladder.- 7 Open Questions.- References.- 4 Regulation of Respiration in Lower Vertebrates: Role of CO2/pH Chemoreceptors.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Fish.- 3 Amphibians and Reptiles.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- Blood Gas Transport.- 5 Adrenergic Control of Red Cell pH, Organic Phosphate Concentrations and Haemoglobin Function in Teleost Fish.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Production of ATP and GTP.- 3 Control of Red Cell pH in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport of Acid-Base Relevant Ions.- 4 Stimulation of the Sodium/Proton Exchanger by Catecholamines and Its Effects on Red Cell pH.- 5 Effects of Catecholamines on Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 6 In Vivo Regulation of Haemoglobin Function by Catecholamines.- 7 Summary.- References.- Central Vascular Circulation.- 6 Mechanisms of Intracardiac Shunting in Reptiles: Pressure vs Washout Shunting.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Reptilian Cardiovascular Anatomy.- 3 Intracardiac Shunts.- 4 Mechanism of Intracardiac Shunting.- 5 Regulation of Washout Shunting.- References.- 7 Central Cardiovascular Dynamics in Reptiles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chelonians and Nonvaranid Squamates.- 3 Varanids.- 4 Crocodilians.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Central Cardiovascular Function in Amphibians: Qualitative Influences of Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Season.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Phylogeny and Central Cardiovascular Function.- 3 Development of Cardiovascular Function.- 3 Seasonal Influences on Cardiovascular Function.- 5 Conclusions and Guiding Principles for Future Studies.- References.- Veno-Lymphatic System.- 9 The Role of the Lymphatic System for Water Balance and Acid-Base Regulation in the Amphibia.- 1 Historical Perspective.- 2 Structure of the Lymphatics.- 3 Lymph Production and Flow.- 4 Lymph Heart Rate and Pressure.- 5 The Lymphatics and Acid-Base Regulation.- 6 General Conclusions.- References.- 10 Physiological Roles of the Secondary Circulatory System in Fish.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Central Venous Sinus (CVS) in the Gill.- 3 Secondary Circulatory System of the Body.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.