Social Network Analysis with Applications

List of Figures xi List of Tables xv Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxv Part I Network Basics Chapter 1 What is a Network? 3 1.1 Basic Network Concepts 4 1.2 Adjacency Matrices, Graphs, and Notation 4 1.3 Nodes and Links 6 1.4 Good Will Hunting Problem 9 1.5 Formal and Informal Networks 13 1.6 Summary 18 Chapter 2 Centrality Measures 29 2.1 What is "Centrality" and Why do we Study It? 29 2.2 Calculating Nodal Centrality Measures 33 2.3 Directed Networks and Centrality Measures 46 2.4 Location in the Network 46 2.5 Summary 52 Chapter 3 Graph Level Measures 69 3.1 Density 70 3.2 Diameter 71 3.3 Centralization 73 3.4 Average Centralities 77 3.5 Network Topology 78 3.6 Summary 86 Part II Social Theory Chapter 4 Social Links 109 4.1 Individual Actors 110 4.2 Social Exchange Theory 111 4.3 Social Forces 113 4.4 Graph Structure 120 4.5 Agent Optimization Strategies in Networks 121 4.6 Hierarchy of Social Link Motivation 124 4.7 Summary Chapter 5 Subgroup Analysis 129 5.1 Subgroups 129 5.2 Organizational Theory 130 5.3 Random Groups 133 5.4 Heuristics for Subgroup Identification 133 5.5 Analysis Methods 135 5.6 Summary 143 Chapter 6 Diffusion and Influence 149 6.1 Applications for Social Diffusion 149 6.2 Strain Theory 151 6.3 Social Context 152 6.4 Group Impacts on Diffusion 156 6.5 Network Structure and Diffusion 158 6.6 Group Influence Strategies and Bases of Power 160 6.7 Summary 165 Part III Data Chapter 7 Meta-Networks and Relational Algebra 173 7.1 Modes of Data 174 7.2 Source, Target, Direction 174 7.3 Mulitmode Networks 176 7.4 Bridging a Meta-Network 180 7.5 Strength of Ties 182 7.6 Summary 183 Chapter 8 Sources of Data 189 8.1 Network Sampling 189 8.2 Measuring Links 191 8.3 Data Quality 195 8.4 Additional Ethnographic Data Collection Methods 196 8.5 Anonymity Issues 198 8.6 Summary 199 Part IV Organizational Risk Chapter 9 Organizational Risk 205 9.1 What is risk? 205 9.2 Measures of Centrality and Risk 207 9.3 Other Risk Measures 216 9.4 The Right Network: Efficient Versus Learning/Adaptive 220 9.5 Network Threats and Vulnerabilities 223 9.6 Thickening a Network 226 9.7 Thinning a Network 227 9.8 Process of Organizational Risk Analysis 228 9.9 Summary of Main Points 231 Appendix A: Matrix Algebra Primer 235 Appendix B: Tables of Data and Networks 241 Appendix C: Five Points of a Graph 273 Index 281