Literature and the Writing Process

PART ONE Composing: An Overview Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process Reading for Writing James Joyce, "Eveline" Who Are My Readers? Analyze the Audience Prewriting Exercise Why Am I Writing? Reasons for Writing Prewriting Exercise What Ideas Should I Use? Reading and Thinking Critically Discovering and Developing Ideas Self-Questioning Directed Freewriting Problem Solving Clustering Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting Figure 1-2 Clustering What Point Should I Make? Relate a Part to the Whole How Do I Find the Theme? Stating the Thesis Chapter 2 The Writing Process How Should I Organize My Ideas? Arguing Your Interpretation The Elements of Good Argument Building an Effective Argument Arranging the Ideas Chart 2-1 Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation Developing with Details Questions for Consideration Maintaining a Critical Focus Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details How Should I Begin? Postpone If Nothing Comes Write an Appealing Opening State the Thesis How Should I End? Relate the Discussion to Theme Postpone or Write Ahead Write an Emphatic Final Sentence Composing the First Draft Pausing to Rescan Quoting from Your Sources Sample Student Paper: First Draft Chapter 3 Writing a Convincing Argument Interpreting and Arguing Identifying Issues Making Claims Using Evidence Using Reasoning Answering Opposing Views Organizing Your Argument Using the Inductive Approach Making a Counterargument Arguing Through Comparison Sample Student Essay Dagoberto Gilb, "Love in L. A." Chapter 4 The Rewriting Process What Is Revision? Getting Feedback: Peer Review Revising in Peer Groups Chart 4-1 Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision What Should I Add or Take Out? Outlining After the First Draft Making the Outline Checking the Outline Sample After-Writing Outline Examining the Sample Outline Outlining Exercise What Should I Rearrange? Does It Flow? What Is Editing? What Sentences Should I Combine? Chart 4-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions Chart 4-3 Revising Checklist Combining for Conciseness Sentence Combining Exercise Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety Varying the Pattern Exercise on Style Which Words Should I Change? Check Your Verbs Use Active Voice Most of the Time Use Passive If Appropriate Exercise on Passive Voice Feel the Words Exercise on Word Choice Attend to Tone Use Formal Language What Is Proofreading? Try Reading It Backward Look for Your Typical Errors Read the Paper Aloud Find a Friend to Help Chart 4-4 Proofreading Checklist Sample Student Paper: Final Draft Chapter 5 Researched Writing Using Library Source in Your Writing Conducting Your Research Locating Sources Using the Online Catalog Using Indexes and Databases Using the Internet Chart 5-1 Internet Sources for Literature Evaluating Online Sources Using Reference Works in Print Working with Sources Taking Notes Using a Research Notebook Using the Printout/Photocopy Option Figure 5-1 Sample Entry from a Divided-Page Research Notebook Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Devising a Working Outline Writing a First Draft Organizing Your Notes Using Quotations and Paraphrases Integrating Sources Block Quotations Quoting from Primary Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Rewriting and Editing Documenting Your Sources Revising the Draft Formatting Your Paper Chart 5-2 Checklist for Revising and Editing Researched Writing Sample Documented Student Paper Sample Published Article Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style In-Text Citations Preparing the List of Works Cited Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited Citing Print Publications Citing Online Publications Citing Other Common Sources PART TWO Writing About Short Fiction Chapter 6 How Do I Read Short Fiction? Notice the Structure Consider Point of View and Setting Study the Characters Foils Look for Specialized Literary Techniques Examine the Title Investigate the Author's Life and Times Continue Questioning to Discover Theme Chart 6-1 Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story Chapter 7 Writing About Structure What Is Structure? How Do I Discover Structure? Looking at Structure Tim O'Brien, "The Things They Carried" Prewriting Finding Patterns Writing Grouping Details Relating Details to Theme Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Integrating Quotations Gracefully Exercise on Integrating Quotations Chapter 8 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism What Are Images? What Are Symbols? Archetypal Symbols Phallic and Yonic Symbols How Will I Recognize Symbols? Reference Works on Symbols Looking at Images and Symbols Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery" Prewriting Interpreting Symbols Writing Producing a Workable Thesis Exercise on Thesis Statements Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Sharpening the Introduction Sample Student Paper on Symbolism: Second and Final Drafts Chapter 9 Writing About Point of View What Is Point of View? Describing Point of View Looking at Point of View Alice Walker, "Everyday Use" Prewriting Analyzing Point of View Writing Relating Point of View to Theme Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Sharpening the Conclusion Chapter 10 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere What Are Setting and Atmosphere? Looking at Setting and Atmosphere Tobias Wolff, "Hunters in the Snow" Prewriting Examining the Elements of Setting Writing Discovering an Organization Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Checking Your Organization Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences Sentence Modeling Exercise Chapter 11 Writing About Theme What Is Theme? Looking at Theme Flannery O'Connor, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" Prewriting Figuring Out the Theme Stating the Theme Writing Choosing Supporting Details Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Achieving Coherence Checking for Coherence Editing Repeat Words and Synonyms Try Parallel Structure Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" Joyce Carol Oates (1938- ) "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" The Story's Origins Four Critical Interpretations Topics for Discussion and Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Anthology of Short Fiction Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) "The Birthmark" Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) "The Cask of Amontillado" Kate Chopin (1851-1904) "Desiree's Baby" "The Story of an Hour" Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) "The Yellow Wallpaper" Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) "Hands" Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980) "The Grave" Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) "Spunk" William Faulkner (1897-1962) "Barn Burning" Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) "Hills Like White Elephants" Langston Hughes (1902-1967) "Salvation" John Steinbeck (1902-1968) "The Chrysanthemums" Richard Wright (1908-1960) "The Man Who Was Almost a Man" Tillie Olsen (1913-2007) "I Stand Here Ironing" Hisaye Yamamoto (1921- ) "Seventeen Syllables" Rosario Morales (1930- ) "The Day It Happened" Chinua Achebe (1930- ) "Dead Men's Path" Alice Munro (1931- ) "An Ounce of Cure" Andre Dubus (1956-1999) "The Fat Girl" Raymond Carver (1938-1988) "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" Toni Cade Bambara (1939-1995) "The Lesson" Bharati Mukherjee (1940- ) "A Father" T. Coraghessan Boyle (1948- ) "The Love of My Life" Sandra Cisneros (1954- ) "Geraldo No Last Name" Louise Erdrich (1954- ) "The Red Convertible" Ha Jin (1956- ) "The Bridegroom" Katherine Min (1959- ) "Secondhand World" Julie Otsuka (1962- ) "Evacuation Order No. 19" Sherman Alexie (1966- ) "This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona" A Portfolio of Science Fiction Stories Ray Bradbury (1920- ) "There Will Come Soft Rains" Ursula K. Le Guin (1929- ) "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" Octavia E. Butler (1947-2006) "Speech Sounds" Kevin Brockmeier (1972- ) "The Year of Silence" Sample Student Paper: Comparing Dystopias A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Stories Eudora Welty (1909-2001) "Why I Live at the P. O." John Updike (1932-2009) "A & P" Margaret Atwood (1939- ) "Happy Endings" Ron Hansen (1947- ) "My Kid's Dog" David Sedaris (1956- ) "Nuit of the Living Dead" A Portfolio of Graphic Stories Art Spiegelman (1948- ) "Time Flies" from Maus II Alison Bechdel (1960- ) "Fun Home" Marjane Satrapi (1969- ) "The Vegetable" from Persepolis 2 PART THREE Writing About Poetry Chapter 12 How Do I Read Poetry? Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase Make Associations for Meaning Chart 12-1 Critical Questions for Reading Poetry Chapter 13 Writing About Persona and Tone Who Is Speaking? What Is Tone? Recognizing Verbal Irony Describing Tone Looking at Persona and Tone Theodore Roethke, "My Papa's Waltz" W. D. Ehrhart, "The Sins of the Father" Thomas Hardy, "The Ruined Maid" W. H. Auden, "The Unknown Citizen" Edmund Waller, "Go, Lovely Rose" Dorothy Parker, "One Perfect Rose" Prewriting Asking Questions About the Speaker in "My Papa's Waltz" Devising a Thesis Considering the Speaker in "The Sins of the Father" Describing the Tone in "The Ruined Maid" Developing a Thesis Describing the Tone in "The Unknown Citizen" Formulating a Thesis Determining Tone in "Go, Lovely Rose" Discovering Tone in "One Perfect Rose" Writing Explicating and Analyzing Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Editing Quoting Poetry in Essays Sample Student Response on Persona and Tone Analyzing the Student Response Chapter 14 Writing About Poetic Language What Do the Words Suggest? Connotation and Denotation Figures of Speech Metaphor and Simile Personification Imagery Symbol Paradox Oxymoron Looking at Poetic Language Mary Oliver, "August" Walt Whitman, "A Noiseless Patient Spider" William Shakespeare, "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?" Kay Ryan, "Turtle" Hayden Carruth, "In the Long Hall" Donald Hall, "My Son My Executioner" Prewriting Examining Poetic Language Writing Comparing and Contrasting Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms Finding Lively Words Exercise on Diction Sample Student Paper on Poetic Language: Second and Final Drafts Comparison Exercise Chapter 15 Writing About Poetic Form What Are the Forms of Poetry? Rhythm and Rhyme Chart 15-1 Rhythm and Meter in Poetry Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance Exercise on Poetic Form Stanzas: Closed and Open Form Poetic Syntax Visual Poetry Looking at the Forms of Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks, "We Real Cool" A. E. Housman, "Eight O'Clock" E. E. Cummings, "anyone lived in a pretty how town" Wole Soyinka, "Telephone Conversation" Robert Frost, "The Silken Tent" Billy Collins, "Sonnet" Roger McGough, "40-----Love" Prewriting Experimenting with Poetic Forms Writing Relating Form to Meaning Ideas for Writing Ideas for Expressive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Finding the Exact Wor Sample Student Paper on Poetic Form Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, "The 'Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's 'Those Winter Sundays'" Casebook: The Poetry of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" "Mother to Son" "The Weary Blues" "Saturday Night" "Trumpet Player" "Harlem (A Dream Deferred)" "Theme for English B" Considering the Poems Critical Commentaries Onwuchekwa Jemie, "Hughes and the Black Controversy" Margaret Larkin, "A Poet for the People" Richard Wright, "Forerunner and Ambassador" Karen Jackson Ford, "Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity" Peter Townsend, "Jazz and Langston Hughes's Poetry" Langston Hughes, "Harlem Rent Parties" Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes Ideas for Researched Writing The Art of Poetry The Art of Poetry Lisel Mueller (1924- ) "American Literature" Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Nighthawks, 1942 Samuel Yellen (1906-1983) "Nighthawks" Susan Ludvigson (1942- ) "Inventing My Parents" Peter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525-1569), Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, c. 1554-55 W. H. Auden (1907-1973) "Musee des Beaux Arts" Paolo Uccello (139-1475), St. George and the Dragon, 1470 U. A. Fanthorpe (1929-2009) "Not My Best Side" Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890), The Starry Night, 1889 Anne Sexton (1928-1974) "The Starry Night" Henri Matisse (1869-1954), The Red Studio, 1911 W. D. Snodgrass (1926-2009) "Matisse: 'The Red Studio' " Kitagawa Utamaro (1754-1806), Two Women Dressing Their Hair, 1794-1795 Cathy Song (1952- ) "Beauty and Sadness" The Art of Poetry: Questions for Discussion Poetry and Art: Ideas for Writing Sample Student Response: Poetry and Art Anthology of Poetry Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) "They Flee from Me" William Shakespeare (1564-1616) "When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes" "Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds" "That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold" "My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun" John Donne (1572-1631) "Death, Be Not Proud" "The Flea" "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" Andrew Marvell (1621-1678) "To His Coy Mistress" William Blake (1757-1827) "The Lamb" "The Tyger" "The Sick Rose" "London" William Wordsworth (1770-1850) "The World Is Too Much with Us" George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) "She Walks in Beauty" Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) "Ozymandias" John Keats (1795-1821) "Ode on a Grecian Urn" Walt Whitman (1819-1892) "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) "Dover Beach" Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) "Faith Is a Fine Invention" "I'm Nobody! Who Are You?" "He Put the Belt Around My Life" "Much Madness Is Divinest Sense" "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" "Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church" "Wild Nights-Wild Nights!" Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) "Pied Beauty" "Spring and Fall" A. E. Housman (1859-1936) "To an Athlete Dying Young" "Loveliest of Trees" William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) "The Second Coming" "Sailing to Byzantium" Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) "We Wear the Mask" Robert Frost (1874-1963) "Mending Wall" "Birches" " 'Out, Out-'" "Fire and Ice" "Design" Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) "Fog" "Chicago" William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) "Danse Russe" "The Red Wheelbarrow" D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) "Piano" T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Claude McKay (1890-1948) "America" Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) "Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word" "First Fig" E. E. Cummings (1894-1962) "in Just- " "pity this busy monster,manunkind" Stevie Smith (1902-1971) "Not Waving but Drowning" Countee Cullen (1903-1946) "Incident" Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) "Sweetness, Always" W. H. Auden (1907-1973) "Funeral Blues" "Lullaby" Theodore Roethke (1908-1963) "I Knew a Woman" Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979) "One Art" May Sarton (1912-1995) "AIDS" Karl Shapiro (1913-2000) "Auto Wreck" Octavio Paz (1914-1998) "The Street" Dudley Randall (1914-2000) "Ballad of Birmingham" "To the Mercy Killers" Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) "The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower" "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" Gwendolyn Brooks (1917- 2000) "Sadie and Maud" Richard Wilbur (1921- ) "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World" Philip Larkin (1922-1985) "Home Is So Sad" James Dickey (1923-1997) "The Leap" Maxine Kumin (1925- ) "Woodchucks" Anne Sexton (1928-1974) "You All Know the Story of the Other Woman" Adrienne Rich (1929- ) "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" "Living in Sin" Ruth Fainlight (1931- ) "Flower Feet" Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) "Mirror" Imamu Amiri Baraka (1934- ) "Biography" Audre Lorde (1934-1992) "Hanging Fire" Marge Piercy (1936- ) "Barbie Doll" Seamus Heaney (1939- ) "Digging" John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (1942- ) "Eleanor Rigby" Sharon Olds (1942- ) "Sex Without Love" "The Death of Marilyn Monroe" Nikki Giovanni (1943- ) "Dreams" Gina Valdes (1943- ) "My Mother Sews Blouses" Edward Hirsch (1950- ) "Execution" Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952- ) "There Are Black" Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952- ) "Latin Women Pray" Cornelius Eady (1954- ) "The Supremes" Louise Erdrich (1954- ) "Indian Boarding School: The Runaways" Martin Espada (1957- ) "Bully" Essex Hemphill (1957-1995) "Commitments" Paired Poems for Comparison Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618) "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" Robert Browning (1812-1889) "My Last Duchess" Gabriel Spera (1966- ) "My Ex-Husband" Walt Whitman (1819-1892) "Of the Terrible Doubt of Appearances" Tony Hoagland (1953- ) "Romantic Moment" Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) "Richard Cory" Paul Simon (1942- ) "Richard Cory" William Stafford (1914-1993) "Traveling Through the Dark" Mary Oliver (1935- ) "The Black Snake" Robert Hayden (1913-1980) "Those Winter Sundays" George Bilgere (1951- ) "Like Riding a Bicycle" Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) "The Bean Eaters" Katha Pollitt (1949- ) "The Old Neighbors" A Portfolio of Poems about Work Jean Toomer (1894-1967) "Reapers" John Updike (1932-2009) "Ex-Basketball Player" Marge Piercy (1936- ) "To Be of Use" Rita Dove (1952- ) "Daystar" Dorianne Laux (1952- ) "What I Wouldn't Do" Alberto Rios (1952- ) "In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did" Lynn Powell (1955- ) "Acceptance Speech" Stephen Cushman (1956- ) "Beside the Point" A Portfolio of War Poetry Richard Lovelace (1618-1657) "To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars" Stephen Crane (1871-1900) "War Is Kind" Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) "Dulce et Decorum Est" E. E. Cummings (1894-1962) "next to of course god america i" Wislawa Szymborska (1923-2012) "End and Beginning" Peg Lauber (1938- ) "Six National Guardsmen Blown Up Together" Yusef Komunyakaa (1947- ) "Facing It" Dwight Okita (1958- ) "In Response to Executive Order 9066" A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Poetry Don Marquis (1878-1937) "the lesson of the moth" Linda Pastan (1932- ) "Marks" Lucille Clifton (1936-2010) "homage to my hips" Ron Koertge (1940- ) "Cinderella's Diary" Billy Collins (1941- ) "Introduction to Poetry" Andrea Carlisle (1944- ) "Emily Dickinson's To-Do List" Craig Raine (1944- ) "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" Jan Beatty (1952- ) "A Waitress's Instructions on Tipping" Jeanne Marie Beaumont (1954- ) "Afraid So" Peter Pereira (1959- ) "Reconsidering the Seven" PART FOUR Writing About Drama Chapter 16 How Do I Read a Play? Listen to the Lines Visualize the Scene Envision the Action Drama on Film Chart 16-1 Critical Questions for Reading Plays Chapter 17 Writing About Dramatic Structure What Is Dramatic Structure? Looking at Dramatic Structure Sophocles, Antigone Prewriting Analyzing Dramatic Structure Writing Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis Quoting from a Play Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Avoiding Unclear Language Sample Student Paper Questions for Discussion Chapter 18 Writing About Character What Is the Modern Hero? The Classical Tragic Hero The Modern Tragic Hero Looking at the Modern Hero Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie Prewriting Analyzing the Characters Writing Choosing a Structure Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Developing Paragraphs Specifically Exercise on Providing Quotations Casebook The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda Six Critical Interpretations Burton Rasco, Review of The Glass Menagerie Howard Taubman, "Diverse, Unique Amanda" Durant Da Ponte, "Tennessee Williams' Gallery of Feminine Characters" Joseph K. Davis, "Landscapes of the Dislocated Mind" Marc Robinson, "Amanda" Charles Isherwood, "Gritty Polish for a Tennessee Williams Jewel" Responding to the Critics Ideas for Researched Writing Chapter 19 Writing About Culture What Is Cultural Analysis? Looking at Cultural Issues David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly Prewriting Figure 19-1 Reading Notes Exploring Cultural Themes Posing Yourself a Problem Writing Refining Your Thesis Ideas for Writing Ideas for Responsive Writing Ideas for Critical Writing Ideas for Researched Writing Rewriting Coordinating Your Introduction and Conclusions Sample Student Paper on Cultural Issues Anthology of Drama William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Othello, the Moor of Venice Susan Glaspell (1882-1948) Trifles Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) A Raisin in the Sun A Portfolio of Humorous and Satirical Plays Fernando Arrabal (1933- ) Picnic on the Battlefield Jane Martin (1938?- ) Beauty Luis Valdez (1940- ) Los Vendidos David Ives (1950- ) Sure Thing Handbook for Correcting Errors Proofreading Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors Phrases and Clauses Chart A Examples of Phrases and Clauses Fragments Chart B Kinds of Phrases Chart C Kinds of Clauses Comma Splices Run-On Sentences Clearing Up Confused Sentences Solving Faulty Predication Problems Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors Fixing Pronoun Errors Correcting Shifts in Person Correcting Shifts in Tense Finding Modifier Mistakes Coping with Irregular Verbs Getting Verbs Right Writing in Active Voice Solving Punctuation Problems Using Necessary Commas Only Using Apostrophes Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes Integrating Quotations Gracefully Punctuating Quoted Material Writing Smooth Transitions Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature Formalism Historical Approaches Biographical Cultural Marxist Psychological Approaches Mythological and Archetypal Approaches Gender Focus Reader Response Deconstruction Intertextual Approaches Where Do You Stand? Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms Credits Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry Subject Index