Literature and the Writing Process
8th Edition
Published on 28. January 2007
Book
Paperback/Softback
1264 pages
978-0-13-224802-0 (ISBN)
Description
For Introductory Literature and Composition classes.
By combining the elements of a literature anthology with those of a handbook, Literature and the Writing Process guides students through the interrelated process of analytical reading and critical writing.
Throughout decades of combined teaching and writing experience the authors of LIterature and the Writing Process have held to a simple premise: great literature is always thought-provoking, always new; why not utilize it to sharpen critical thinking and improve writing skills? Grown out of this long-standing interest in the possibility of integrating the study of literature with the practice of composition, Literature and the Writing Process has become a unique and time-tested staple in literature and composition classes. By seamlessly integrating literature and composition into one multi-purpose text, this approach serves the dual process of enabling students to enjoy, understand, and learn from imaginative literature; and to help them write clearly, intelligently, and correctly about what they have learned.
By combining the elements of a literature anthology with those of a handbook, Literature and the Writing Process guides students through the interrelated process of analytical reading and critical writing.
Throughout decades of combined teaching and writing experience the authors of LIterature and the Writing Process have held to a simple premise: great literature is always thought-provoking, always new; why not utilize it to sharpen critical thinking and improve writing skills? Grown out of this long-standing interest in the possibility of integrating the study of literature with the practice of composition, Literature and the Writing Process has become a unique and time-tested staple in literature and composition classes. By seamlessly integrating literature and composition into one multi-purpose text, this approach serves the dual process of enabling students to enjoy, understand, and learn from imaginative literature; and to help them write clearly, intelligently, and correctly about what they have learned.
More details
Edition
8th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
College/higher education
Dimensions
Height: 229 mm
Width: 152 mm
ISBN-13
978-0-13-224802-0 (9780132248020)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
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Elizabeth McMahan | Susan X. Day | Robert W. Funk
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Elizabeth McMahan | Susan X. Day | Robert W. Funk
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Content
Contents by Genre
Thematic Table of Contents
Preface
PART ONEComposing: An Overview
Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process
Reading for Writing
James Joyce, "Eveline"
Who Are My Readers?
Analyze the Audience
Prewriting Exercise
Why Am I Writing?
Reasons for Writing
Prewriting Exercise
What Ideas Should I Use?
Reading and Thinking Critically
Discovering and Developing Ideas
Self-Questioning
Directed Freewriting
Problem Solving
Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting
Clustering
What Point Should I Make?
Figure 1-2Clustering
Relate a Part to the Whole
How Do I Find the Theme?
Stating the Thesis
Chapter 2 The Writing Process
How Should I Organize My Ideas?
Arguing Your Interpretation
The Elements of Good Argument
Building an Effective Argument
Arranging the Ideas
Chart 2-1Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation
Developing with Details
Questions for Consideration
Maintaining a Critical Focus
Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details
How Should I Begin?
Postpone If Nothing Comes
Write an Appealing Opening
State the Thesis
How Should I End?
Relate the Discussion to Theme
Postpone or Write Ahead
Write an Emphatic Final Sentence
Composing the First Draft
Pausing to Rescan
Quoting from Your Sources
Sample Student Paper: First Draft
Suggestions for Writing
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Chapter 3 The Rewriting Process
What Is Revision?
Getting Feedback: Peer Review
Revising in Peer Groups
Chart 3-1Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision
What Should I Add or Take Out?
Outlining After the First Draft
Making the Outline
Checking the Outline
Sample After-Writing Outline
Examining the Sample Outline
Outlining Exercise
What Should I Rearrange?
Does It Flow?
What Is Editing?
What Sentences Should I Combine?
Chart 3-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions
Chart 3-3Revising Checklist
Combining for Conciseness
Sentence Combining Exercise
Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety
Varying the Pattern
Exercise on Style
Which Words Should I Change?
Check Your Verbs
Exercise on Word Choice
Use Active Voice Most of the Time
Use Passive If Appropriate
Exercise on Passive Voice
Feel the Words
Attend to Tone
Use Formal Language
What Is Proofreading?
Try Reading It Backward
Look for Your Typical Errors
Chart 3-4Proofreading Checklist
Read the Paper Aloud
Find a Friend to Help
Sample Student Paper: Final Draft
Chapter 4 Researched Writing
Using Library Source in Your Writing
Conducting Your Research
Locating Sources
The Online Catalog
Indexes and Databases
Chart 4-1Selected Online Indexes and Databases
Using the Internet
Chart 4-2Internet Sources for Literature
Evaluating Online Sources
Reference Works in Print
Chart 4-3Selected Reference Works in Literature
Working with Sources
Taking Notes
The Printout/Photocopy Option
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
Devising a Working Outline
Writing a First Draft
Organizing Your Notes
Using Quotations and Paraphrases
Integrating Sources
Quoting from Primary Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
Rewriting and Editing
Documenting Your Sources
Revising the Draft
Chart 4-4 Checklist for Revising and Editing Researched Writing
Formatting Your Paper
Sample Documented Student Paper
Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style
In-Text Citations
Preparing the List of Works Cited
Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited
Citing Electronic Sources
PART TWO Writing About Short Fiction
Chapter 5 How Do I Read Short Fiction?
Notice the Structure
Subplots
Consider Point of View and Setting
Study the Characters
Foils
Look for Specialized Literary Techniques
Examine the Title
Investigate the Author's Life and Times
Continue Questioning to Discover Theme
Chart 5-1Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story
Chapter 6 Writing About Structure
What Is Structure?
How Do I Discover Structure
Looking at Structure
Tim O'Brien, "The Things They Carried"
Prewriting
Finding Patterns
Writing
Grouping Details
Relating Details to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Integrating Quotations Gracefully
Exercise on Integrating Quotations
Chapter 7 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism
What Are Images?
What Are Symbols?
Archetypal Symbols
Phallic and Yonic Symbols
How Will I Recognize Symbols?
Reference Works on Symbols
Looking at Images and Symbols
Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery"
Prewriting
Interpreting Symbols
Writing
Producing a Workable Thesis
Exercise on Thesis Statements
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Sharpening the Introduction
Sample Student Paper:Second and Final Drafts
Chapter 8 Writing About Point of View
What Is Point of View?
Describing Point of View
Looking at Point of View
Alice Walker, "Everyday Use"
Prewriting
Analyzing Point of View
Writing
Relating Point of View to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Sharpening the Conclusion
Chapter 9 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere
What Are Setting and Atmosphere?
Looking at Setting and Atmosphere
Tobias Wolff, "Hunters in the Snow"
Prewriting
Prewriting Exercise
Writing
Discovering an Organization
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Organization and Style
Checking Your Organization
Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences
Sentence Modeling Exercise
Chapter 10 Writing About Theme
What Is Theme?
Looking at Theme
Flannery O'Connor, "Good Country People"
Prewriting
Figuring Out Theme
Stating the Theme
Writing
Choosing Supporting Details
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
For Further Reading and Research
Rewriting
Achieving Coherence
Checking for Coherence
Editing: Improving Connections
Repeat Words and Synonyms
Try Parallel Structure
Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"
Joyce Carol Oates (1938-)
"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"
The Story's Origins
Five Critical Interpretations
Topics for Discussion and Writing
Idea for Researched Writing
Anthology of Short Fiction
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
"The Birthmark"
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
"The Cask of Amontillado"
Kate Chopin (1851-1904)
"Desiree's Baby"
"The Story of an Hour"
Edith Wharton (1862-1937)
"Roman Fever"
Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
"Hands"
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
"The Rocking-Horse Winner"
Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980)
"The Grave"
Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)
"Spunk"
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
"A Rose for Emily"
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
"Hills Like White Elephants"
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
"The Chrysanthemums"
Richard Wright (1908-1960)
"The Man Who Was Almost a Man"
Tillie Olsen (1913-)
"I Stand Here Ironing"
Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-)
"Seventeen Syllables"
Flannery O'Connor (1925-1964)
"A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
Alice Munro (1931-)
"An Ounce of Cure"
John Updike (1932-)
"A & P"
Bessie Head (1937-1986)
"Life"
Raymond Carver (1938-1988)
"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love"
Toni Cade Bambara (1939-1995)
"The Lesson"
Bharati Mukherjee (1940-)
"A Father"
Octavia E. Butler (1947-2006)
"Speech Sounds"
T. Coraghessan Boyle (1948-)
"The Love of My Life"
Dagoberto Gilb (1950-)
"Love in L. A."
Sandra Cisneros (1954-)
"Geraldo No Name"
Louise Erdrich (1954-)
"The Red Convertible "
Ha Jin (1956-)
"The Bridegroom"
Sherman Alexie (1966-)
"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona"
A Portfolio of Humorous Stories
James Thurber (1894-1961)
"The Catbird Seat"
Frank O'Connor (1903-1966)
"My Oedipus Complex"
Eudora Welty (1909-2001)
"Why I Live at the P. O."
Michael Gerber (1969-) and Jonathan Schwarz (1969-)
"What We Talk About When We Talk About Doughnuts"
PART THREE Writing About Poetry
Chapter 11 How Do I Read Poetry?
Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase
Make Associations for Meaning
Chart 11-1Critical Questions for Reading Poetry
Chapter 12 Writing About Persona and Tone
Who Is Speaking?
What Is Tone?
Recognizing Verbal Irony
Describing Tone
Looking at Persona and Tone
Theodore Roethke, "My Papa's Waltz"
Thomas Hardy, "The Ruined Maid"
W. H. Auden, "The Unknown Citizen"
Edmund Waller, "Go, Lovely Rose"
Dorothy Parker, "One Perfect Rose"
Prewriting
Asking Questions About the Speaker in "My Papa's Waltz"
Devising a Thesis
Describing the Tone in "The Ruined Maid"
Discovering a Thesis
Describing the Tone in "The Unknown Citizen"
Discovering a Thesis
Discovering Tone in "Go, Lovely Rose"
Discovering Tone in "One Perfect Rose"
Writing
Explicating and Analyzing
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Editing
Quoting Poetry in Essays
Sample Student Response: Poetry
Analyzing the Student Response
Chapter 13 Writing About Poetic Language
What Do the Words Suggest?
Connotation and Denotation
Figures of Speech
Metaphor and Simile
Personification
Imagery
Symbol
Paradox
Oxymoron
Looking at Poetic Language
Walt Whitman, "A Noiseless Patient Spider"
William Shakespeare, "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?"
Kay Ryan, "Turtle"
Hayden Carruth, "In the Long Hall"
Donald Hall, "My Son My Executioner"
Prewriting
Examining Poetic Language
Writing
Comparing and Contrasting
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Style
Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms
Finding Lively Words
Exercise on Diction
Sample Student Paper: Second and Final Drafts
Comparison Exercise
Topics for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Further Researched Writing
Chapter 14 Writing About Poetic Form
What Are the Forms of Poetry?
Rhythm and Rhyme
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance
Exercise on Poetic Form
Chart 14-1Rhythm and Meter in Poetry
Stanzas: Closed and Open Form
Poetic Syntax
Looking at the Forms of Poetry
Gwendolyn Brooks, "We Real Cool"
A. E. Housman, "Eight O'Clock"
E. E. Cummings, "anyone lived in a pretty how town"
Wole Soyinka, "Telephone Conversation"
William Wordsworth, "Nuns Fret Not"
Billy Collins, "Sonnet"
Alan Ziegler, "Love at First Sight"
Roger McGough, "40---Love"
Prewriting
Experimenting with Poetic Forms
Writing
Relating Form to Meaning
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Expressive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Style
Finding the Exact Word
Exercises on Diction
Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, "The `Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's `Those Winter Sundays'"
Casebook:The Poetry and Prose of Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography
Poetry
"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
"Mother to Son"
"The Weary Blues"
"Saturday Night"
"Trumpet Player"
"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)"
"Theme for English B"
Considering the Poems
Prose
"Salvation"
"On the Road"
"Thank You, M'am"
Considering the Prose
Critical Commentaries
Onwuchekwa Jemie, "Hughes and the Black Controversy"
Margaret Larkin, "A Poet for the People"
Richard Wright, "Forerunner and Ambassador"
Karen Jackson Ford, "Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity"
Peter Townsend, "Jazz and Langston Hughes's Poetry"
Langston Hughes, "Harlem Rent Parties"
Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes
Ideas for Researched Writing
Anthology of Poetry
Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)
"They Flee from Me"
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
"When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes"
"Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds"
"That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold"
"My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun"
John Donne (1572-1631)
"Death, Be Not Proud"
William Blake (1757-1827)
"The Lamb"
"The Tyger"
"The Sick Rose"
"London"
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
"The World Is Too Much with Us"
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
"She Walks in Beauty"
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
"Ozymandias"
John Keats (1795-1821)
"On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
"The Eagle"
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer"
"One's-Self I Sing"
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
"Dover Beach"
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
"Faith Is a Fine Invention"
"I'm Nobody! Who Are You?"
"Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers"
"He Put the Belt Around My Life"
"Much Madness Is Divinest Sense"
"Because I Could Not Stop for Death"
"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church"
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
"Pied Beauty"
"Spring and Fall"
A. E. Housman (1859-1936)
"To an Athlete Dying Young"
"Loveliest of Trees"
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
"The Second Coming"
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906)
"We Wear the Mask"
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
"Mending Wall"
"Birches"
" `Out, Out-'"
"Fire and Ice"
"Design"
Don Marquis (1878-1937)
"the lesson of the moth"
Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
"Fog"
"Chicago"
Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
"The Emperor of Ice Cream"
William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)
"Danse Russe"
"The Red Wheelbarrow"
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
"Piano"
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Claude McKay (1890-1948)
"America"
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)
"Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word"
"First Fig"
E. E. Cummings (1894-1962)
"in Just- "
"pity this busy monster,manunkind"
Jean Toomer (1894-1967)
"Reapers"
Stevie Smith (1902-1971)
"Not Waving but Drowning"
Countee Cullen (1903-1946)
"Incident"
Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)
"Sweetness, Always"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Funeral Blues"
Theodore Roethke (1908-1963)
"Dolor"
"I Knew a Woman"
Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979)
"One Art"
May Sarton (1912-1995)
"AIDS"
Karl Shapiro (1913-2000)
"Auto Wreck"
Octavio Paz(1914-1998)
"The Street"
Dudley Randall (1914-2000)
"To the Mercy Killers"
Dylan Thomas (1914-1953)
"The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower"
"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night"
Gwendolyn Brooks (1917- 2000)
"Sadie and Maud"
"The Bean Eaters"
Howard Nemerov (1920-1991)
"The Goose Fish"
Richard Wilbur (1921-)
"Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"
Philip Larkin (1922-1985)
"Home Is So Sad"
James Dickey (1923-1997)
"The Leap"
Lisel Mueller (1924-)
"Things"
Maxine Kumin (1925-)
"Woodchucks"
Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997)
"A Supermarket in California"
James Wright (1927-1980)
"Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio"
Anne Sexton (1928-1974)
"You All Know the Story of the Other Woman"
Adrienne Rich (1929- )
"Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"
Ruth Fainlight (1931- )
"Flower Feet"
Sylvia Plath (1932-1963)
"Mirror"
John Updike (1932-)
"Ex-Basketball Player"
Linda Pastan (1932-)
"Ethics"
"Marks"
Imamu Amiri Baraka(1934-)
"Biography"
Audre Lorde (1934-1992)
"Hanging Fire"
Marge Piercy (1936-)
"The Woman in the Ordinary"
Seamus Heaney (1939-)
"Digging"
Sharon Olds (1942-)
"Sex Without Love"
Nikki Giovanni (1943-)
"Dreams"
Gina Valdes (1943-)
"My Mother Sews Blouses"
Julia Alvarez (1950-)
"How I Learned to Sweep"
Rita Dove (1952-)
"Daystar"
Alberto Rios (1952-)
"In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did"
Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-)
"There Are Black"
Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-)
"Latin Women Pray"
Dorianne Laux (1952-)
"What I Wouldn't Do"
Tony Hoagland (1953-)
"The Change"
Cornelius Eady (1954-)
"The Supremes"
Louise Erdrich (1954-)
"Indian Boarding School: The Runaways"
Martin Espada (1957-)
"Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas"
Paired Poems for Comparison
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618)
"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
"My Last Duchess"
Gabriel Spera (1966-)
"My Ex-Husband"
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
"The Convergence of the Twain"
David R. Slavitt(1935-)
"Titanic"
Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935)
"Richard Cory"
Paul Simon (1942-)
"Richard Cory"
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
"The Road Not Taken"
Blanche Farley (1937-)
"The Lover Not Taken"
William Stafford (1914-1993)
"Traveling through the Dark"
Mary Oliver (1935-)
"The Black Snake"
Robert Hayden (1913-1980)
"Those Winter Sundays"
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-)
"My Father's Love Letters"
A Portfolio of War Poetry
Richard Lovelace (1618-1657)
"To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars"
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
"Channel Firing"
Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
"War Is Kind"
Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
"Grass"
Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)
"Dulce et Decorum Est"
E. E. Cummings (1894-1962)
"next to of course god america i"
Randall Jarrell (1914-1965)
"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner"
Wislawa Szymborska (1923-)
"End and Beginning"
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-)
"Facing It"
Billy Collins (1941-)
"The Names"
Ideas for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
A Portfolio ofLove Poetry
Sappho (ca. 612-ca. 580 b.c.)
"With His Venom"
Anonymous (ca. 1500)
"Western Wind"
John Donne (1572-1631)
"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)
"To My Dear and Loving Husband"
Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)
"To His Coy Mistress"
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
"Wild Nights-Wild Nights!"
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)
"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Lullaby"
Adrienne Rich (1929-)
"Living in Sin"
Sharon Olds (1942-)
"Topography"
Christopher Murray(1967-)
"I Got Beat Up a Lot in High School"
Ideas for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
The Art of Poetry: Art Insert
Lisel Mueller (1924-)
"American Literature"
Edward Hopper (1882-1967),Nighthawks, 1942
Samuel Yellen (1906-1983)
"Nighthawks"
Susan Ludvigson (1942-)
"Inventing My Parents"
Peter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525-1569), Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, c. 1554-55
Dannie Abse (1923-)
"Brueghel in Naples"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Musee des Beaux Arts"
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), Leda and the Swan, c. 1880-82.
Leda and the Swan, 1996 street sculpture (steel, neon, laser beam), Hotel Estrel, Berlin
William Butler Yeats (1965-1939)
"Leda and the Swan"
Mona Van Duyn (1921-)
"Leda"
Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890),The Starry Night, 1889.
Anne Sexton (1928-1974)
"The Starry Night"
Kitagawa Utamaro (1754-1806), Two Women Dressing Their Hair, 1794-95
Cathy Song (1952-)
"Beauty and Sadness"
PART FOURWriting About Drama
Chapter 15 How Do I Read a Play?
Listen to the Lines
Visualize the Scene
Envision the Action
Drama on Film
Chart 15-1Critical Questions for Reading Plays
Chapter 16 Writing About Dramatic Structure
What Is Dramatic Structure?
Looking at Dramatic Structure
Sophocles, Antigone
Prewriting
Analyzing Dramatic Structure
Writing
Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis
Quoting from a Play
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Avoiding Unclear Language
Sample Student Paper of Drama
Questions for Discussion
Chapter 17 Writing About Character
What Is the Modern Hero?
The Classical Tragic Hero
The Modern Tragic Hero
Looking at the Modern Hero
August Wilson, Fences
Prewriting
Analyzing the Characters
Writing
Choosing a Structure
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Developing Paragraphs Specifically
Exercise on Providing Quotations
Casebook Fences: Interpreting Troy Maxson
Six Critical Interpretations
Frank Rich, "Family Ties in Wilson's Fences"
Brent Staples, "Fences: No Barrier to Emotion"
August Wilson, "Talking About Fences"
Christine Birdwell, "Death as a Fastball on the Outside Corner"
Carla J. McDonough, "August Wilson: Performing Black Masculinity"
Mary Ellen Snodgrass, "Fences"
Responding to the Critics
Idea for Researched Writing
Chapter 18 Writing About Culture
What Is Cultural Analysis?
Looking at Cultural Issues
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly
Prewriting
Exploring Cultural Themes
Figure 18-1 Reading Notes
Posing Yourself a Problem
Writing
Refining Your Thesis
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Research Writing
Rewriting
Coordinating Your Introduction and Conclusion
Sample Documented Student Paper Using Cultural Analysis
Anthology of Drama
Sophocles (ca. 496-ca. 405 B.C.)
Oedipus the King
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Othello, the Moor of Venice
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
A Doll's House
Susan Glaspell (1882-1948)
Trifles
Luis Valdez (1940-)
Los Vendidos
David Ives(1950-)
Sure Thing
Wendy Wasserstein (1950-2006)
Tender Offer
Harvey Fierstein (1954-)
On Tidy Endings
Milcha Sanchez-Scott (1955-)
The Cuban Swimmer
PART FIVE The Editing Process
A Handbook for Correcting Errors
Proofreading
Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors
Phrases and Clauses
Chart AExamples of Phrases and Clauses
Fragments
Chart BKinds of Phrases
Chart CKinds of Clauses
Comma Splices
Run-On Sentences
Clearing Up Confused Sentences
Solving Faulty Predication Problems
Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors
Fixing Pronoun Errors
Correcting Shifts in Person
Correcting Shifts in Tense
Finding Modifier Mistakes
Coping with Irregular Verb
Setting Verbs Right
Writing in Active Voice
Solving Punctuation Problems
Using Necessary Commas Only
Using Apostrophes
Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes
Integrating Quotations Gracefully
Punctuating Quoted Material
Writing Smooth Transitions
Catching Careless Mistakes
Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature
Formalism
Historical Approaches
Biographical
Cultural
Marxist
Psychological Approaches
Mythological and Archetypal Approaches
Gender Focus
Reader Response
Deconstruction
Where Do You Stand?
Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry
Subject Inde
Thematic Table of Contents
Preface
PART ONEComposing: An Overview
Chapter 1 The Prewriting Process
Reading for Writing
James Joyce, "Eveline"
Who Are My Readers?
Analyze the Audience
Prewriting Exercise
Why Am I Writing?
Reasons for Writing
Prewriting Exercise
What Ideas Should I Use?
Reading and Thinking Critically
Discovering and Developing Ideas
Self-Questioning
Directed Freewriting
Problem Solving
Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting
Clustering
What Point Should I Make?
Figure 1-2Clustering
Relate a Part to the Whole
How Do I Find the Theme?
Stating the Thesis
Chapter 2 The Writing Process
How Should I Organize My Ideas?
Arguing Your Interpretation
The Elements of Good Argument
Building an Effective Argument
Arranging the Ideas
Chart 2-1Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation
Developing with Details
Questions for Consideration
Maintaining a Critical Focus
Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details
How Should I Begin?
Postpone If Nothing Comes
Write an Appealing Opening
State the Thesis
How Should I End?
Relate the Discussion to Theme
Postpone or Write Ahead
Write an Emphatic Final Sentence
Composing the First Draft
Pausing to Rescan
Quoting from Your Sources
Sample Student Paper: First Draft
Suggestions for Writing
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Chapter 3 The Rewriting Process
What Is Revision?
Getting Feedback: Peer Review
Revising in Peer Groups
Chart 3-1Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision
What Should I Add or Take Out?
Outlining After the First Draft
Making the Outline
Checking the Outline
Sample After-Writing Outline
Examining the Sample Outline
Outlining Exercise
What Should I Rearrange?
Does It Flow?
What Is Editing?
What Sentences Should I Combine?
Chart 3-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions
Chart 3-3Revising Checklist
Combining for Conciseness
Sentence Combining Exercise
Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety
Varying the Pattern
Exercise on Style
Which Words Should I Change?
Check Your Verbs
Exercise on Word Choice
Use Active Voice Most of the Time
Use Passive If Appropriate
Exercise on Passive Voice
Feel the Words
Attend to Tone
Use Formal Language
What Is Proofreading?
Try Reading It Backward
Look for Your Typical Errors
Chart 3-4Proofreading Checklist
Read the Paper Aloud
Find a Friend to Help
Sample Student Paper: Final Draft
Chapter 4 Researched Writing
Using Library Source in Your Writing
Conducting Your Research
Locating Sources
The Online Catalog
Indexes and Databases
Chart 4-1Selected Online Indexes and Databases
Using the Internet
Chart 4-2Internet Sources for Literature
Evaluating Online Sources
Reference Works in Print
Chart 4-3Selected Reference Works in Literature
Working with Sources
Taking Notes
The Printout/Photocopy Option
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting
Devising a Working Outline
Writing a First Draft
Organizing Your Notes
Using Quotations and Paraphrases
Integrating Sources
Quoting from Primary Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
Rewriting and Editing
Documenting Your Sources
Revising the Draft
Chart 4-4 Checklist for Revising and Editing Researched Writing
Formatting Your Paper
Sample Documented Student Paper
Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style
In-Text Citations
Preparing the List of Works Cited
Sample Entries for a List of Works Cited
Citing Electronic Sources
PART TWO Writing About Short Fiction
Chapter 5 How Do I Read Short Fiction?
Notice the Structure
Subplots
Consider Point of View and Setting
Study the Characters
Foils
Look for Specialized Literary Techniques
Examine the Title
Investigate the Author's Life and Times
Continue Questioning to Discover Theme
Chart 5-1Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story
Chapter 6 Writing About Structure
What Is Structure?
How Do I Discover Structure
Looking at Structure
Tim O'Brien, "The Things They Carried"
Prewriting
Finding Patterns
Writing
Grouping Details
Relating Details to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Integrating Quotations Gracefully
Exercise on Integrating Quotations
Chapter 7 Writing About Imagery and Symbolism
What Are Images?
What Are Symbols?
Archetypal Symbols
Phallic and Yonic Symbols
How Will I Recognize Symbols?
Reference Works on Symbols
Looking at Images and Symbols
Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery"
Prewriting
Interpreting Symbols
Writing
Producing a Workable Thesis
Exercise on Thesis Statements
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Sharpening the Introduction
Sample Student Paper:Second and Final Drafts
Chapter 8 Writing About Point of View
What Is Point of View?
Describing Point of View
Looking at Point of View
Alice Walker, "Everyday Use"
Prewriting
Analyzing Point of View
Writing
Relating Point of View to Theme
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Sharpening the Conclusion
Chapter 9 Writing About Setting and Atmosphere
What Are Setting and Atmosphere?
Looking at Setting and Atmosphere
Tobias Wolff, "Hunters in the Snow"
Prewriting
Prewriting Exercise
Writing
Discovering an Organization
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Organization and Style
Checking Your Organization
Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences
Sentence Modeling Exercise
Chapter 10 Writing About Theme
What Is Theme?
Looking at Theme
Flannery O'Connor, "Good Country People"
Prewriting
Figuring Out Theme
Stating the Theme
Writing
Choosing Supporting Details
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
For Further Reading and Research
Rewriting
Achieving Coherence
Checking for Coherence
Editing: Improving Connections
Repeat Words and Synonyms
Try Parallel Structure
Casebook: Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"
Joyce Carol Oates (1938-)
"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"
The Story's Origins
Five Critical Interpretations
Topics for Discussion and Writing
Idea for Researched Writing
Anthology of Short Fiction
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
"The Birthmark"
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
"The Cask of Amontillado"
Kate Chopin (1851-1904)
"Desiree's Baby"
"The Story of an Hour"
Edith Wharton (1862-1937)
"Roman Fever"
Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
"Hands"
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
"The Rocking-Horse Winner"
Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980)
"The Grave"
Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)
"Spunk"
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
"A Rose for Emily"
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
"Hills Like White Elephants"
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
"The Chrysanthemums"
Richard Wright (1908-1960)
"The Man Who Was Almost a Man"
Tillie Olsen (1913-)
"I Stand Here Ironing"
Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-)
"Seventeen Syllables"
Flannery O'Connor (1925-1964)
"A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
Alice Munro (1931-)
"An Ounce of Cure"
John Updike (1932-)
"A & P"
Bessie Head (1937-1986)
"Life"
Raymond Carver (1938-1988)
"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love"
Toni Cade Bambara (1939-1995)
"The Lesson"
Bharati Mukherjee (1940-)
"A Father"
Octavia E. Butler (1947-2006)
"Speech Sounds"
T. Coraghessan Boyle (1948-)
"The Love of My Life"
Dagoberto Gilb (1950-)
"Love in L. A."
Sandra Cisneros (1954-)
"Geraldo No Name"
Louise Erdrich (1954-)
"The Red Convertible "
Ha Jin (1956-)
"The Bridegroom"
Sherman Alexie (1966-)
"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona"
A Portfolio of Humorous Stories
James Thurber (1894-1961)
"The Catbird Seat"
Frank O'Connor (1903-1966)
"My Oedipus Complex"
Eudora Welty (1909-2001)
"Why I Live at the P. O."
Michael Gerber (1969-) and Jonathan Schwarz (1969-)
"What We Talk About When We Talk About Doughnuts"
PART THREE Writing About Poetry
Chapter 11 How Do I Read Poetry?
Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase
Make Associations for Meaning
Chart 11-1Critical Questions for Reading Poetry
Chapter 12 Writing About Persona and Tone
Who Is Speaking?
What Is Tone?
Recognizing Verbal Irony
Describing Tone
Looking at Persona and Tone
Theodore Roethke, "My Papa's Waltz"
Thomas Hardy, "The Ruined Maid"
W. H. Auden, "The Unknown Citizen"
Edmund Waller, "Go, Lovely Rose"
Dorothy Parker, "One Perfect Rose"
Prewriting
Asking Questions About the Speaker in "My Papa's Waltz"
Devising a Thesis
Describing the Tone in "The Ruined Maid"
Discovering a Thesis
Describing the Tone in "The Unknown Citizen"
Discovering a Thesis
Discovering Tone in "Go, Lovely Rose"
Discovering Tone in "One Perfect Rose"
Writing
Explicating and Analyzing
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Editing
Quoting Poetry in Essays
Sample Student Response: Poetry
Analyzing the Student Response
Chapter 13 Writing About Poetic Language
What Do the Words Suggest?
Connotation and Denotation
Figures of Speech
Metaphor and Simile
Personification
Imagery
Symbol
Paradox
Oxymoron
Looking at Poetic Language
Walt Whitman, "A Noiseless Patient Spider"
William Shakespeare, "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?"
Kay Ryan, "Turtle"
Hayden Carruth, "In the Long Hall"
Donald Hall, "My Son My Executioner"
Prewriting
Examining Poetic Language
Writing
Comparing and Contrasting
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Style
Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms
Finding Lively Words
Exercise on Diction
Sample Student Paper: Second and Final Drafts
Comparison Exercise
Topics for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Further Researched Writing
Chapter 14 Writing About Poetic Form
What Are the Forms of Poetry?
Rhythm and Rhyme
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance
Exercise on Poetic Form
Chart 14-1Rhythm and Meter in Poetry
Stanzas: Closed and Open Form
Poetic Syntax
Looking at the Forms of Poetry
Gwendolyn Brooks, "We Real Cool"
A. E. Housman, "Eight O'Clock"
E. E. Cummings, "anyone lived in a pretty how town"
Wole Soyinka, "Telephone Conversation"
William Wordsworth, "Nuns Fret Not"
Billy Collins, "Sonnet"
Alan Ziegler, "Love at First Sight"
Roger McGough, "40---Love"
Prewriting
Experimenting with Poetic Forms
Writing
Relating Form to Meaning
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Expressive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting: Style
Finding the Exact Word
Exercises on Diction
Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, "The `Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's `Those Winter Sundays'"
Casebook:The Poetry and Prose of Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography
Poetry
"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
"Mother to Son"
"The Weary Blues"
"Saturday Night"
"Trumpet Player"
"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)"
"Theme for English B"
Considering the Poems
Prose
"Salvation"
"On the Road"
"Thank You, M'am"
Considering the Prose
Critical Commentaries
Onwuchekwa Jemie, "Hughes and the Black Controversy"
Margaret Larkin, "A Poet for the People"
Richard Wright, "Forerunner and Ambassador"
Karen Jackson Ford, "Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity"
Peter Townsend, "Jazz and Langston Hughes's Poetry"
Langston Hughes, "Harlem Rent Parties"
Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes
Ideas for Researched Writing
Anthology of Poetry
Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)
"They Flee from Me"
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
"When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes"
"Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds"
"That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold"
"My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun"
John Donne (1572-1631)
"Death, Be Not Proud"
William Blake (1757-1827)
"The Lamb"
"The Tyger"
"The Sick Rose"
"London"
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
"The World Is Too Much with Us"
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
"She Walks in Beauty"
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
"Ozymandias"
John Keats (1795-1821)
"On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)
"The Eagle"
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
"When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer"
"One's-Self I Sing"
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
"Dover Beach"
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
"Faith Is a Fine Invention"
"I'm Nobody! Who Are You?"
"Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers"
"He Put the Belt Around My Life"
"Much Madness Is Divinest Sense"
"Because I Could Not Stop for Death"
"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church"
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
"Pied Beauty"
"Spring and Fall"
A. E. Housman (1859-1936)
"To an Athlete Dying Young"
"Loveliest of Trees"
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
"The Second Coming"
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906)
"We Wear the Mask"
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
"Mending Wall"
"Birches"
" `Out, Out-'"
"Fire and Ice"
"Design"
Don Marquis (1878-1937)
"the lesson of the moth"
Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
"Fog"
"Chicago"
Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
"The Emperor of Ice Cream"
William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)
"Danse Russe"
"The Red Wheelbarrow"
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
"Piano"
T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
Claude McKay (1890-1948)
"America"
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)
"Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word"
"First Fig"
E. E. Cummings (1894-1962)
"in Just- "
"pity this busy monster,manunkind"
Jean Toomer (1894-1967)
"Reapers"
Stevie Smith (1902-1971)
"Not Waving but Drowning"
Countee Cullen (1903-1946)
"Incident"
Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)
"Sweetness, Always"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Funeral Blues"
Theodore Roethke (1908-1963)
"Dolor"
"I Knew a Woman"
Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979)
"One Art"
May Sarton (1912-1995)
"AIDS"
Karl Shapiro (1913-2000)
"Auto Wreck"
Octavio Paz(1914-1998)
"The Street"
Dudley Randall (1914-2000)
"To the Mercy Killers"
Dylan Thomas (1914-1953)
"The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower"
"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night"
Gwendolyn Brooks (1917- 2000)
"Sadie and Maud"
"The Bean Eaters"
Howard Nemerov (1920-1991)
"The Goose Fish"
Richard Wilbur (1921-)
"Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"
Philip Larkin (1922-1985)
"Home Is So Sad"
James Dickey (1923-1997)
"The Leap"
Lisel Mueller (1924-)
"Things"
Maxine Kumin (1925-)
"Woodchucks"
Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997)
"A Supermarket in California"
James Wright (1927-1980)
"Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio"
Anne Sexton (1928-1974)
"You All Know the Story of the Other Woman"
Adrienne Rich (1929- )
"Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"
Ruth Fainlight (1931- )
"Flower Feet"
Sylvia Plath (1932-1963)
"Mirror"
John Updike (1932-)
"Ex-Basketball Player"
Linda Pastan (1932-)
"Ethics"
"Marks"
Imamu Amiri Baraka(1934-)
"Biography"
Audre Lorde (1934-1992)
"Hanging Fire"
Marge Piercy (1936-)
"The Woman in the Ordinary"
Seamus Heaney (1939-)
"Digging"
Sharon Olds (1942-)
"Sex Without Love"
Nikki Giovanni (1943-)
"Dreams"
Gina Valdes (1943-)
"My Mother Sews Blouses"
Julia Alvarez (1950-)
"How I Learned to Sweep"
Rita Dove (1952-)
"Daystar"
Alberto Rios (1952-)
"In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did"
Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-)
"There Are Black"
Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-)
"Latin Women Pray"
Dorianne Laux (1952-)
"What I Wouldn't Do"
Tony Hoagland (1953-)
"The Change"
Cornelius Eady (1954-)
"The Supremes"
Louise Erdrich (1954-)
"Indian Boarding School: The Runaways"
Martin Espada (1957-)
"Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas"
Paired Poems for Comparison
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?-1618)
"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
"My Last Duchess"
Gabriel Spera (1966-)
"My Ex-Husband"
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
"The Convergence of the Twain"
David R. Slavitt(1935-)
"Titanic"
Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935)
"Richard Cory"
Paul Simon (1942-)
"Richard Cory"
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
"The Road Not Taken"
Blanche Farley (1937-)
"The Lover Not Taken"
William Stafford (1914-1993)
"Traveling through the Dark"
Mary Oliver (1935-)
"The Black Snake"
Robert Hayden (1913-1980)
"Those Winter Sundays"
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-)
"My Father's Love Letters"
A Portfolio of War Poetry
Richard Lovelace (1618-1657)
"To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars"
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
"Channel Firing"
Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
"War Is Kind"
Carl Sandburg (1878-1967)
"Grass"
Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)
"Dulce et Decorum Est"
E. E. Cummings (1894-1962)
"next to of course god america i"
Randall Jarrell (1914-1965)
"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner"
Wislawa Szymborska (1923-)
"End and Beginning"
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-)
"Facing It"
Billy Collins (1941-)
"The Names"
Ideas for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
A Portfolio ofLove Poetry
Sappho (ca. 612-ca. 580 b.c.)
"With His Venom"
Anonymous (ca. 1500)
"Western Wind"
John Donne (1572-1631)
"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)
"To My Dear and Loving Husband"
Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)
"To His Coy Mistress"
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
"Wild Nights-Wild Nights!"
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)
"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Lullaby"
Adrienne Rich (1929-)
"Living in Sin"
Sharon Olds (1942-)
"Topography"
Christopher Murray(1967-)
"I Got Beat Up a Lot in High School"
Ideas for Discussion and Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
The Art of Poetry: Art Insert
Lisel Mueller (1924-)
"American Literature"
Edward Hopper (1882-1967),Nighthawks, 1942
Samuel Yellen (1906-1983)
"Nighthawks"
Susan Ludvigson (1942-)
"Inventing My Parents"
Peter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525-1569), Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, c. 1554-55
Dannie Abse (1923-)
"Brueghel in Naples"
W. H. Auden (1907-1973)
"Musee des Beaux Arts"
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), Leda and the Swan, c. 1880-82.
Leda and the Swan, 1996 street sculpture (steel, neon, laser beam), Hotel Estrel, Berlin
William Butler Yeats (1965-1939)
"Leda and the Swan"
Mona Van Duyn (1921-)
"Leda"
Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890),The Starry Night, 1889.
Anne Sexton (1928-1974)
"The Starry Night"
Kitagawa Utamaro (1754-1806), Two Women Dressing Their Hair, 1794-95
Cathy Song (1952-)
"Beauty and Sadness"
PART FOURWriting About Drama
Chapter 15 How Do I Read a Play?
Listen to the Lines
Visualize the Scene
Envision the Action
Drama on Film
Chart 15-1Critical Questions for Reading Plays
Chapter 16 Writing About Dramatic Structure
What Is Dramatic Structure?
Looking at Dramatic Structure
Sophocles, Antigone
Prewriting
Analyzing Dramatic Structure
Writing
Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis
Quoting from a Play
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Avoiding Unclear Language
Sample Student Paper of Drama
Questions for Discussion
Chapter 17 Writing About Character
What Is the Modern Hero?
The Classical Tragic Hero
The Modern Tragic Hero
Looking at the Modern Hero
August Wilson, Fences
Prewriting
Analyzing the Characters
Writing
Choosing a Structure
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Researched Writing
Rewriting
Developing Paragraphs Specifically
Exercise on Providing Quotations
Casebook Fences: Interpreting Troy Maxson
Six Critical Interpretations
Frank Rich, "Family Ties in Wilson's Fences"
Brent Staples, "Fences: No Barrier to Emotion"
August Wilson, "Talking About Fences"
Christine Birdwell, "Death as a Fastball on the Outside Corner"
Carla J. McDonough, "August Wilson: Performing Black Masculinity"
Mary Ellen Snodgrass, "Fences"
Responding to the Critics
Idea for Researched Writing
Chapter 18 Writing About Culture
What Is Cultural Analysis?
Looking at Cultural Issues
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly
Prewriting
Exploring Cultural Themes
Figure 18-1 Reading Notes
Posing Yourself a Problem
Writing
Refining Your Thesis
Ideas for Writing
Ideas for Responsive Writing
Ideas for Critical Writing
Ideas for Research Writing
Rewriting
Coordinating Your Introduction and Conclusion
Sample Documented Student Paper Using Cultural Analysis
Anthology of Drama
Sophocles (ca. 496-ca. 405 B.C.)
Oedipus the King
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Othello, the Moor of Venice
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
A Doll's House
Susan Glaspell (1882-1948)
Trifles
Luis Valdez (1940-)
Los Vendidos
David Ives(1950-)
Sure Thing
Wendy Wasserstein (1950-2006)
Tender Offer
Harvey Fierstein (1954-)
On Tidy Endings
Milcha Sanchez-Scott (1955-)
The Cuban Swimmer
PART FIVE The Editing Process
A Handbook for Correcting Errors
Proofreading
Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors
Phrases and Clauses
Chart AExamples of Phrases and Clauses
Fragments
Chart BKinds of Phrases
Chart CKinds of Clauses
Comma Splices
Run-On Sentences
Clearing Up Confused Sentences
Solving Faulty Predication Problems
Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors
Fixing Pronoun Errors
Correcting Shifts in Person
Correcting Shifts in Tense
Finding Modifier Mistakes
Coping with Irregular Verb
Setting Verbs Right
Writing in Active Voice
Solving Punctuation Problems
Using Necessary Commas Only
Using Apostrophes
Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes
Integrating Quotations Gracefully
Punctuating Quoted Material
Writing Smooth Transitions
Catching Careless Mistakes
Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature
Formalism
Historical Approaches
Biographical
Cultural
Marxist
Psychological Approaches
Mythological and Archetypal Approaches
Gender Focus
Reader Response
Deconstruction
Where Do You Stand?
Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms
Credits
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry
Subject Inde