Electric Power Substations Engineering

HOW DOES A SUBSTATION HAPPEN?
Background
Need Determination
Budgeting
Financing
Traditional and Innovative Substation Design
Site Acquisition
Design, Construction and Commissioning Process

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS
SF6
Construction and Service Life
Economics of GIS

AIR INSULATED SUBSTATIONS--BUS/SWITCHING CONFIGURATIONS
Single Bus
Double Bus, Double Breaker
Main and Transfer Bus
Double Bus, Single Breaker
Ring Bus
Breaker-and-a-Half
Comparison of Configurations

HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
Ambient Conditions
Disconnect Switches
Load Break Switches
High-Speed Grounding Switchers
Power Fuses
Circuit Switchers
Circuit Breakers
GIS Substations
Environmental Concerns

HIGH VOLTAGE POWER ELECTRONIC SUBSTATIONS
Converter Stations
FACTS Controllers
Control & Protection System
Losses and Cooling
Civil Works
Reliability & Availability
Future Trends

THE INTERFACE BETWEEN AUTOMATION AND THE SUBSTATION
Physical Considerations
Analog Data Acquisition
Status Monitoring
Control Functions
Communications Networks Inside the Substation
Testing Automation Systems
Summary

SUBSTATION INTEGRATION AND AUTOMATION
Open Systems
Substation Integration and Automation Levels
Architecture Functional Data Paths
Substation Automation Technical Issues
Protocol Fundamentals and Considerations
Industry Involvement and Standards

OIL CONTAINMENT
Oil-Filled Equipment in Substation
Spill Risk Assessment
Containment Selection Consideration
Oil Spill Prevention Techniques

COMMUNITY CONSIDERATIONS
Community Acceptance
Planning Strategies and Design
Permitting Process
Construction
Operations

ANIMAL DETERRENTS/SECURITY
Animal Types
Mitigation Methods

SUBSTATION GROUNDING
Introduction
Reasons for Substation Grounding System
Accidental Ground Circuit
Definitions
Design Criteria
Soil Resistivity
Grid Resistance
Grid Current
Use of the Design Equations
Selection of Conductors and Connections
Grounding of Substation Fence
Other Design Conditions

GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING
Lightning Stroke Protection
Lightning Parameters
Empirical Design Methods
The Electromagnetic Model
Calculation of Failure Probability
Active Lightning Terminals

SEISMIC CONSIDERATIONS
A Historical Perspective
IEEE 693 - A Solution
Relationship Between Earthquakes and Substations
Applicable Documents
Decision Process for Seismic Design Consideration
Performance Levels and Desired Spectra
Qualification Process

SUBSTATION FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Hazards
Fire Protection Measures
Fire Protection Selection
Hazard Assessment
Risk Analysis
Conclusion
Substation Control Building Fire Protection Review Checklist
Substation Switchyard Fire Protection Assessment Process

COMMUNICATIONS
Historical Perspective of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
SCADA Functional Requirements
SCADA Communication Requirements
Components of a SCADA System
SCADA Communication Protocols: Past, Present, and Future
Standards for Substation Communication
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED's) in the Substation Environment
The Substation in the Enterprise Network
The Emerging Role of Object-Oriented Techniques for Substation Communications
Security for Substation Communications
The Future Role of Substation Communications

PHYSICAL SECURITY
Introduction
History
Types of Intruders
Substation Development
Security Methods
Security Assessment

CYBER SECURITY
Introduction
Definitions and Terminology
Threats to the Security of Substation Automation Systems
Substation Automation System Vulnerabilities
Measures to Protect Systems Against Cyber Intrusion
Future Measures

GAS INSULATED TRANSMISSION LINE (GIL)
Introduction
History
System Design
Development and Prototypes
Advantages of GIL
Application of 2nd Generation GIL
Quality Control and Diagnostic Tools
Corrosion Protection
Insulation Coordination
Future Needs of High Power Interconnections