Juvenile Justice

Introduction CHAPTER 1 - Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Defining delinquency What is delinquency? Who is a juvenile? Who is a delinquent? Measuring delinquency: issues and insights Crime, delinquency, and the media Science and research designs Reporting systems for delinquency Uniform Crime Reports National juvenile court statistics Other sources of information about delinquents and delinquency Responding to delinquency and delinquents Law enforcement Courts Corrections Providing for juvenile justice: A national perspective Governmental committees and commissions Permanent governmental and quasi-governmental agencies Professional organizations Private foundations/interest groups Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 2: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Justice Introduction Historical status of children: The evolution of childhood Children in Rome and the Middle Ages The emergence of "childhood" in the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation Between childhood and adulthood: Creating adolescence Defining the "good child" in early American history: 1620-1870 Adolescents and delinquents: 1870-1900 The juvenile court: A new system for a new century The Industrial Revolution Immigration and urbanization The Progressive Era Explaining delinquency, Part I: Historical views Spiritual and natural explanations: Precursors of modern crime theories Crime and deterrence Crime and biology Explaining delinquency, Part II: Psychological and sociological theories Delinquency and psychology Delinquency, sociology and the control of delinquency Delinquency, sociology and delinquency as a learned behavior Delinquency, sociology and the role of power Explaining delinquency, Part III: Theoretical eclecticism and pragmatism Juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice: A modest proposal Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 3 - Juvenile Offenders and Police Processes Introduction A brief history of police work with juveniles Police roles with juvenile offenders Police styles The police as gatekeepers Police discretion Police and juvenile contacts Juvenile crime victims The police response Citizen-initiated encounters Family-initiated encounters School-initiated encounters Police-initiated encounters Arrest and restraint Police use of force Police identification procedures Police record keeping Investigation of juvenile offenses The interrogation environment Personal characteristics of the suspect Traffic versus criminal offenses Police-school interactions School police departments Police officers in the schools Innovative Police-Juvenile Interaction Programs Police operations programs Emerging police roles Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 4 - Preadjudication Detention and Diversion Program Introduction Reasons for detention Places of detention Juvenile detention centers Adult jails Police lockups Detention decision making Detention hearings Alternatives to detention Alternatives to adjudication Diversionary philosophy Diversionary purposes Diversionary programs The creation of a "second system" Why choose diversion? Operational perspectives Results of diversion efforts Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key Terms References Notes CHAPTER 5 - Juvenile Court Processes Introduction Age and the law A new court is established The Industrial Revolution Immigration The Progressive Era Parens patriae Jurisdiction of the juvenile court Geographical jurisdiction Age jurisdiction Subject matter jurisdiction The actors in the juvenile courts Judges in juvenile courts Juvenile court prosecutors Defense Attorneys Intake workers/probation officers Detention staff Types of hearing Detention hearings Transfer hearings Adjudicatory hearings Dispositional hearings Organization and structure of juvenile courts Issues facing the juvenile courts Redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction Elimination of the juvenile court Status of the juvenile court Qualifications of judges Attorneys in the juvenile court Transferring juveniles to adult court Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 6 - Nondelinquent Children in the Juvenile Justice System Introduction Dependent children The police response The juvenile court response Changes in dependency status Neglect and abused children Definitions of neglect Definitions of abuse The scope of the child maltreatment problem The responsibilities of investigating agencies Families, friends, and neighbors School officials Law enforcement agencies Health care agencies Child protective services Agency cooperation Juvenile court jurisdiction over nondelinquent children Juvenile court jurisdiction over parents and guardians Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 7 - Juvenile Probation Introduction Defining probation: The basics A brief history of probation Juvenile probation services Intake and case screening Social history ad other investigations Client supervision Service delivery Delivering probation services Formal versus informal probation Informal probation Formal probation Probations conditions The probation plan Assessing the conditions of probation: How good must they be? Probation revocation Probation revocation: The legal issues Probation revocation: Final observations The scope of probation The organization of juvenile probation agencies The future of juvenile probation Special and job differentiation Increasing use of technology Coordination of service delivery Consolidation of youth-serving functions The role of parents in juvenile probation Reinventing juvenile probation Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 8 - Juvenile Institutional Corrections Introduction Historical developments in juvenile corrections The pre-industrial era and family-centered punishments (1600s to 1820s) The Jacksonian era and the houses of refuge (1820s to 1850s) The Victorian-era child-savers and reform schools (1850s to 1890s) The Progressive-era child-savers and training schools (1880s to 1920s) Trends in juvenile corrections Popular trends Gender trends Race and ethnicity trends Public versus private facilities The purposes of secure correctional placement Organizational goals: Treatment versus custody Juvenile institutional corrections: The inmates' perspective Conditions of confinement in juvenile corrections The Massachusetts "experiment" and beyond Juvenile boot camps and getting tough on juvenile crime Boot camp participants: Some shared characteristics Assessing boot camps: Successes and failures Unresolved issues and legal dilemmas The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act Disabled juveniles in custody Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 9 - Juvenile Parole and Aftercare Introduction The development of parole Purposes of parole The use of parole as a pre-release mechanism The administration of juvenile parole Granting juvenile parole Service providers State policies and parole duration Parole officers and supervision Juvenile parole systems and resource allocation Parole conditions and revocations Parole conditions Parole revocations Intensive supervision programs and technology Discretion and parole decision making Parole and public safety Intensive supervision Technology and parole Special needs populations Sex offenders Chemically-dependent offenders Mentally ill and mentally retarded offenders Gang-involved youths Managing special needs offenders Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 10 - Gangs: A Special Juvenile Justice Problem Introduction The golden era of gang studies Gangs and evolving delinquency theory Resurgence of gangs in the 1980s Definitions of gangs Age Number Activity Organization Outward identifiers Hand signs Turf or territoriality Recruitment and initiation Gang organization Environmental factors The demographics of gangs Gender Race/ethnicity Gangs and drugs Gang "migration" Community reactions Responding to gangs Gang prevention Gang suppression Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 11 - Delinquency Prevention Introduction Prevention, intervention and control: The central ideas The language of prevention Delinquency: Its prevention and control The history of delinquency prevention The Chicago Area Project The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Act of 1961 Contemporary prevention exemplars Locating prevention programs Community-based delinquency prevention School-based and education-related delinquency prevention Family-based delinquency prevention Assessing prevention Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes CHAPTER 12 - The Future of the Juvenile Justice System The search for a guiding philosophy Past practices, future policies: The challenges ahead New views of old ideas: Old wine in new casks? The juvenile justice system: A look to the future Juvenile justice personnel in the twenty-first century Judges Attorneys Correctional custody personnel Community supervision personnel Beyond the best interests of the child: Forces shaping juvenile justice policy Technology and juvenile justice policy Public opinion and juvenile justice policy Guns and youth crime Drugs and juvenile crime Evidence-based and theory-based juvenile justice Career criminals and juvenile justice policy Dealing with the "hyper-delinquent" Juvenile justice: Are rumors of its demise premature? Keep the juvenile justice system One justice system, one system of justice Summary Critical review questions Recommended readings Key terms References Notes