The Mongol Empire
A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
Published on 7. November 2016
Book
978-1-61069-339-4 (ISBN)
Description
Covering the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire, this essential reference presents the figures, places, and events that led this once-beleaguered region to rise up to become the largest contiguous empire in history.
In the 13th century, Chinggis Khan rose to power, leading an empire of a million people and defeating surrounding regions with much larger populations. This compendium follows the achievements-and failures-of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Chinggis Khan in 1162 to the formation of the successor states that came from the dissolution of the world power in the 16th century: the Yuan Empire in East Asia; the Chaghatai Khanate in Central Asia; the Ilkhanate in the Middle East; and the Jochid or Kipchak Khanate in the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, known as the Golden Horde.
Through some 180 entries, this two-volume set covers every aspect of Mongol civilization, organizing content into eight sections: government and politics, organization and administration, individuals, groups and organizations, key events, military, objects and artifacts, and key places. Each section is accompanied by an essay introducing the topic in the context of the Mongol Empire. The work also includes a chronology, a number of annotated primary documents, and a bibliography.
In the 13th century, Chinggis Khan rose to power, leading an empire of a million people and defeating surrounding regions with much larger populations. This compendium follows the achievements-and failures-of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Chinggis Khan in 1162 to the formation of the successor states that came from the dissolution of the world power in the 16th century: the Yuan Empire in East Asia; the Chaghatai Khanate in Central Asia; the Ilkhanate in the Middle East; and the Jochid or Kipchak Khanate in the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, known as the Golden Horde.
Through some 180 entries, this two-volume set covers every aspect of Mongol civilization, organizing content into eight sections: government and politics, organization and administration, individuals, groups and organizations, key events, military, objects and artifacts, and key places. Each section is accompanied by an essay introducing the topic in the context of the Mongol Empire. The work also includes a chronology, a number of annotated primary documents, and a bibliography.
More details
Series
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Illustrations
53 bw illus
Weight
1871 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-61069-339-4 (9781610693394)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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E-Book
11/2016
1st Edition
ABC-CLIO
€186.99
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E-Book
11/2016
ABC-CLIO
€186.99
Available for download
Person
Timothy May, PhD, is professor of Eurasian history and associate dean of the college of arts and letters at the University of North Georgia.
Content
VOLUME 1
Preface
Introduction
Chronology
Government and Politics
Overview Essay
Daidu
Dual Government
Government Structure
Guyuk's Election (1246)
Immigrant Religions in Mongol China
Inju
Karakorum
Khubilai Becomes Khan (May 5, 1260)
Mongol Empire, Dissolution of (1260)
Nogai (d. 1299)
Northern Yuan (1368-1634)
Paiza
Quriltai
Sarai
Shamanism
Shangdu
Sultaniyya
Tabriz
Temur Khan (r. 1294-1307)
Titles
Toghon Temur (r. 1333-1370)
Toregene Khatun (r. 1241-1246)
Uzbek Khan (1282-1341; r. 1313-1341)
Women in the Court
Yasa
Organization and Administration
Overview Essay
Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263)
Baiju (d. 1260)
Blue Horde
Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde
Il-Khanate
Karachi Begs
Keshik
Khurasan
Mahmud Yalavach (d. ca. 1262)
Mawarannahr
Moghulistan
Muqali (1170-1223)
Ordo
Qasar
Tamgha
Tammachi
Taxation
Transfer of Authority
Tribe
Ulus
Writing Systems
Yam
Yelu Chucai (1189-1243)
Yuan Empire (1265-1368)
Yuan Society
Individuals
Overview Essay
Abaqa (r. 1265-1282)
Abu Said (r. 1317-1335)
Batu (1203-1255)
Baybars I (1223-1277)
Borte (ca. 1161-1230)
Chabi Khatun (d. 1281)
Chagatai Khan (d. 1242)
Chinggis Khan (1164-1227)
Choban (d. 1327)
Doquz Khatun (d. 1265)
Ghazan (1271-1304, r. 1295-1304)
Guyuk (r. 1246-1248)
Hoelun (d. ca. 1210)
Hulegu (1217-1265)
Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)
Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah (r. 1221-1230)
Jochi (d. 1225)
Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)
Mongke Khan (1209-1259, r. 1251-1259)
Oghul Qaimish Khatun (d. 1251)
Ogodei Khan (1186-1241)
Oljeitu (r. 1304-1316)
Orghina Khatun (d. 1261)
Polo, Marco (ca. 1254-1324)
Qaidu (1230-1301)
Sorqoqtani-Beki (d. 1252)
Timur-i Leng (1336-1405)
Tolui Khan (1191-1232)
Toqtamysh (d. 1406)
Groups and Organizations
Overview Essay
Alans
The Assassins (1090-1256 CE)
Forest People
Franciscans
Italians
Jews
Jurchen
Juyin
Kereit
Khitan
Kipchaks
Mamluks
Merkit
Naiman
Nestorian Christians
Oirat
Onggirad
Onggud
Ortoq
Sakya Buddhists
Semuren
Sufis
Tangut
Tatars
Uyghurs
Uzbeks
White Lotus Buddhists
Index
VOLUME 2
Key Events
Overview Essay
Alan Goa and the Arrow Parable
Baljuna Covenant (1203)
Black Death (Mid-14th Century)
Chinggis Exchange
Chinggis Khan, Death of (1227)
Crusades against the Mongols (1241, 1249)
Europe, Invasion of (1240-1241)
Hethum, King of Cilicia (r. 1226-1269), Submission of
Japan, Invasion of (1274, 1280)
Jin Empire, Fall of the (1234)
John of Plano Carpini, Journey of (1180-1252)
Kulikovo Pole, Battle of (1380)
Mongol Conversion to Islam
Otrar Massacre (1218)
Peace of Qatwan (1267)
Quriltai of 1206
Rabban Sawma, Mission of (1286-1288)
Red Turban Revolt (1340s-1368)
Shiremun's Coup (1250)
Tarmashirin, Overthrow of (1334)
Tatar Yoke
Teb Tenggeri, Death of (1206)
Toluid Revolution (1250)
William of Rubruck, Journey of (1253-1255)
Yesugei, Death of (ca. 1174/1175)
Military
Overview Essay
Alginchi
Ankara, Battle of (1402)
Armor
Ayn Jalut, Battle of (1260)
Baghdad, Siege of (1258)
Caizhou, Siege of (1233-1234)
Cannon
Chakirmaut, Battle of (1204)
Cherik
Chormaqan Noyan (ca. 1200-1240)
Decimal Organization
Gunpowder
Irtysh River, Battle of the (1209)
Java, Invasion of (1292-1293)
Kaifeng, Siege of (1233)
Kalka River, Battle of the (1223)
Kose Dagh, Battle of (1243)
Liegnitz, Battle of (1241)
Mohi, Battle of (April 1241)
Siege Warfare
Subedei (1176-1248)
Tactics
Tamma
Trebuchet
Tsunami Strategy
Weapons
Objects and Artifacts
Overview Essay
Calendar
Clothes
Five Snouts
Great Wall
Horse
Kumiss
Medicine
Money
Onggon
Pasta
The Secret History of the Mongols
Shengwu qinzheng lu
Tenggeri
Yinshan zhengyao (Proper and Essential Things for the Emperor's Food and Drink) (1330)
Yurt
Key Places
Overview Essay
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
Antioch, Principality of
Delhi Sultanate
Jin Empire (1125-1234)
Kara Khitai (1125-1218)
Khwarazmian Empire (1097-1224)
Kipchak Steppes
Koryo (935-1392)
Lithuania
Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)
Samarkand
Song Empire (960-1279)
Sultanate of Rum
Trebizond
Uyghuristan
Xi Xia (1038-1227)
Xiangyang, Siege of (1267-1273)
Yunnan
Zhongdu
Primary Documents
1. Ibn al-Athir on the Mongol Invasion of the Islamic World (Early 13th Century)
2. Ibn al-Athir on Mongol Invasions of the Near East (Early 13th Century)
3. Robert of Clari's Description of the Kipchaks (ca. 1205)
4. The Chronicler Juzjani's Account of the Capture of Zhongdu (1214)
5. Account of the Otrar Massacre (1219)
6. Chinggis Khan's Invitation to the Daoist Monk K'iu Ch'ang Ch'un (May 15, 1219)
7. Description of the Boqta Headdress of Mongolian Women (ca. 1219)
8. Excerpt from Wu-ku-sun Chung Tuan's Account of His Embassy to Chinggis Khan in Central Asia (ca. 1220)
9. Chinggis Khan's Oration at the Sack of Bukhara (ca. 1220)
10. A Description of Mawarannahr by Yelu Chucai (ca. 1220)
11. Jalal al-Din Requests Help against the Mongols (ca. 1230)
12. John of Plano Carpini's Description of the Mongols (1240s)
13. John of Plano Carpini's Description of Mongol Armor (1240s)
14. John of Sarrasin's Letter to Nicholas of Arrode Describing a Mongol Ploy (June 23, 1249)
15. Description of Prince Alexander Nevsky from the Nikonian Chronicle (1250s)
16. William of Rubruck Enjoys Kumiss (1250s)
17. William of Rubruck's Description of Mongke's Drinking Fountain (1250s)
18. William of Rubruck's Account of the Distinctive Mongol Hairstyle (1250s)
19. William of Rubruck's Description of Yurts (1250s)
20. Matthew Paris on the Fear Provoked by the Approach of the Mongols (1250s)
21. Ch'ang Te's Description of the Assassins (1250s)
22. Letter of Mongke to King Louis IX of France (1250s)
23. Description of William of Rubruck's Audience with Mongke Khan (May 31, 1254)
24. Bar Hebraeus on the Fall of Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
25. Marco Polo's Account of the Fall of Baghdad (1258)
26. Letter of Hulegu to King Louis IX of France (1262)
27. Marco Polo's Account of the Siege of Xiangyang (1273)
28. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Election of Yahba Allah III as Catholicus of the Eastern Church (1281)
29. Marco Polo's Account of Nayan's Rebellion against Khubilai Khan (1287)
30. Marco Polo on the Women of Khubilai Khan's Court (ca. 1298)
31. Marco Polo's Description of China's Countryside (1298)
32. Marco Polo on Khubilai Khan's Palace (1298)
33. Marco Polo on Paper Money in China (ca. 1300)
34. Marco Polo on Mongol Warriors in the 13th Century (ca. 1300)
35. Marco Polo's Description of the City of Daidu (ca. 1300)
36. Marco Polo's Description of Khubilai Khan Hunting (ca. 1300)
37. Marco Polo's Description of Chinese Ships (ca. 1300)
38. Marco Polo's Description of Mongol Shamanism (ca. 1300)
39. Marco Polo's Account of Khubilai Khan's Hunting Park at Shangdu (ca. 1300)
40. Marco Polo's Account of the Assassins (ca. 1300)
41. An Armenian Account of the Mongols' Divine Right to Rule (Early 14th Century)
42. Passage from Jami'u't-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) in Which Chinggis Khan Explains the Best Things in Life (Early 14th Century)
43. Letter from Ghazan, Ruler of the Il-Khanate, to Pope Boniface VIII (April 1302)
44. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Meeting of Oljeitu and Mar Yahba Allah (1304)
45. Marco Polo on Mongol Customs (ca. 1324)
46. Gilles Li Muisis's Account of the Black Death at the Siege of Kaffa (1347)
47. Account of Samarkand under Timur-i Leng (ca. 1403-1406)
48. Account of the Battle of the Ugra River from the Nikonian Chronicle (1480)
Appendix: Rulers
Glossary
Bibliography
Editor and Contributors
Index
Preface
Introduction
Chronology
Government and Politics
Overview Essay
Daidu
Dual Government
Government Structure
Guyuk's Election (1246)
Immigrant Religions in Mongol China
Inju
Karakorum
Khubilai Becomes Khan (May 5, 1260)
Mongol Empire, Dissolution of (1260)
Nogai (d. 1299)
Northern Yuan (1368-1634)
Paiza
Quriltai
Sarai
Shamanism
Shangdu
Sultaniyya
Tabriz
Temur Khan (r. 1294-1307)
Titles
Toghon Temur (r. 1333-1370)
Toregene Khatun (r. 1241-1246)
Uzbek Khan (1282-1341; r. 1313-1341)
Women in the Court
Yasa
Organization and Administration
Overview Essay
Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263)
Baiju (d. 1260)
Blue Horde
Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde
Il-Khanate
Karachi Begs
Keshik
Khurasan
Mahmud Yalavach (d. ca. 1262)
Mawarannahr
Moghulistan
Muqali (1170-1223)
Ordo
Qasar
Tamgha
Tammachi
Taxation
Transfer of Authority
Tribe
Ulus
Writing Systems
Yam
Yelu Chucai (1189-1243)
Yuan Empire (1265-1368)
Yuan Society
Individuals
Overview Essay
Abaqa (r. 1265-1282)
Abu Said (r. 1317-1335)
Batu (1203-1255)
Baybars I (1223-1277)
Borte (ca. 1161-1230)
Chabi Khatun (d. 1281)
Chagatai Khan (d. 1242)
Chinggis Khan (1164-1227)
Choban (d. 1327)
Doquz Khatun (d. 1265)
Ghazan (1271-1304, r. 1295-1304)
Guyuk (r. 1246-1248)
Hoelun (d. ca. 1210)
Hulegu (1217-1265)
Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)
Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah (r. 1221-1230)
Jochi (d. 1225)
Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)
Mongke Khan (1209-1259, r. 1251-1259)
Oghul Qaimish Khatun (d. 1251)
Ogodei Khan (1186-1241)
Oljeitu (r. 1304-1316)
Orghina Khatun (d. 1261)
Polo, Marco (ca. 1254-1324)
Qaidu (1230-1301)
Sorqoqtani-Beki (d. 1252)
Timur-i Leng (1336-1405)
Tolui Khan (1191-1232)
Toqtamysh (d. 1406)
Groups and Organizations
Overview Essay
Alans
The Assassins (1090-1256 CE)
Forest People
Franciscans
Italians
Jews
Jurchen
Juyin
Kereit
Khitan
Kipchaks
Mamluks
Merkit
Naiman
Nestorian Christians
Oirat
Onggirad
Onggud
Ortoq
Sakya Buddhists
Semuren
Sufis
Tangut
Tatars
Uyghurs
Uzbeks
White Lotus Buddhists
Index
VOLUME 2
Key Events
Overview Essay
Alan Goa and the Arrow Parable
Baljuna Covenant (1203)
Black Death (Mid-14th Century)
Chinggis Exchange
Chinggis Khan, Death of (1227)
Crusades against the Mongols (1241, 1249)
Europe, Invasion of (1240-1241)
Hethum, King of Cilicia (r. 1226-1269), Submission of
Japan, Invasion of (1274, 1280)
Jin Empire, Fall of the (1234)
John of Plano Carpini, Journey of (1180-1252)
Kulikovo Pole, Battle of (1380)
Mongol Conversion to Islam
Otrar Massacre (1218)
Peace of Qatwan (1267)
Quriltai of 1206
Rabban Sawma, Mission of (1286-1288)
Red Turban Revolt (1340s-1368)
Shiremun's Coup (1250)
Tarmashirin, Overthrow of (1334)
Tatar Yoke
Teb Tenggeri, Death of (1206)
Toluid Revolution (1250)
William of Rubruck, Journey of (1253-1255)
Yesugei, Death of (ca. 1174/1175)
Military
Overview Essay
Alginchi
Ankara, Battle of (1402)
Armor
Ayn Jalut, Battle of (1260)
Baghdad, Siege of (1258)
Caizhou, Siege of (1233-1234)
Cannon
Chakirmaut, Battle of (1204)
Cherik
Chormaqan Noyan (ca. 1200-1240)
Decimal Organization
Gunpowder
Irtysh River, Battle of the (1209)
Java, Invasion of (1292-1293)
Kaifeng, Siege of (1233)
Kalka River, Battle of the (1223)
Kose Dagh, Battle of (1243)
Liegnitz, Battle of (1241)
Mohi, Battle of (April 1241)
Siege Warfare
Subedei (1176-1248)
Tactics
Tamma
Trebuchet
Tsunami Strategy
Weapons
Objects and Artifacts
Overview Essay
Calendar
Clothes
Five Snouts
Great Wall
Horse
Kumiss
Medicine
Money
Onggon
Pasta
The Secret History of the Mongols
Shengwu qinzheng lu
Tenggeri
Yinshan zhengyao (Proper and Essential Things for the Emperor's Food and Drink) (1330)
Yurt
Key Places
Overview Essay
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
Antioch, Principality of
Delhi Sultanate
Jin Empire (1125-1234)
Kara Khitai (1125-1218)
Khwarazmian Empire (1097-1224)
Kipchak Steppes
Koryo (935-1392)
Lithuania
Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517)
Samarkand
Song Empire (960-1279)
Sultanate of Rum
Trebizond
Uyghuristan
Xi Xia (1038-1227)
Xiangyang, Siege of (1267-1273)
Yunnan
Zhongdu
Primary Documents
1. Ibn al-Athir on the Mongol Invasion of the Islamic World (Early 13th Century)
2. Ibn al-Athir on Mongol Invasions of the Near East (Early 13th Century)
3. Robert of Clari's Description of the Kipchaks (ca. 1205)
4. The Chronicler Juzjani's Account of the Capture of Zhongdu (1214)
5. Account of the Otrar Massacre (1219)
6. Chinggis Khan's Invitation to the Daoist Monk K'iu Ch'ang Ch'un (May 15, 1219)
7. Description of the Boqta Headdress of Mongolian Women (ca. 1219)
8. Excerpt from Wu-ku-sun Chung Tuan's Account of His Embassy to Chinggis Khan in Central Asia (ca. 1220)
9. Chinggis Khan's Oration at the Sack of Bukhara (ca. 1220)
10. A Description of Mawarannahr by Yelu Chucai (ca. 1220)
11. Jalal al-Din Requests Help against the Mongols (ca. 1230)
12. John of Plano Carpini's Description of the Mongols (1240s)
13. John of Plano Carpini's Description of Mongol Armor (1240s)
14. John of Sarrasin's Letter to Nicholas of Arrode Describing a Mongol Ploy (June 23, 1249)
15. Description of Prince Alexander Nevsky from the Nikonian Chronicle (1250s)
16. William of Rubruck Enjoys Kumiss (1250s)
17. William of Rubruck's Description of Mongke's Drinking Fountain (1250s)
18. William of Rubruck's Account of the Distinctive Mongol Hairstyle (1250s)
19. William of Rubruck's Description of Yurts (1250s)
20. Matthew Paris on the Fear Provoked by the Approach of the Mongols (1250s)
21. Ch'ang Te's Description of the Assassins (1250s)
22. Letter of Mongke to King Louis IX of France (1250s)
23. Description of William of Rubruck's Audience with Mongke Khan (May 31, 1254)
24. Bar Hebraeus on the Fall of Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
25. Marco Polo's Account of the Fall of Baghdad (1258)
26. Letter of Hulegu to King Louis IX of France (1262)
27. Marco Polo's Account of the Siege of Xiangyang (1273)
28. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Election of Yahba Allah III as Catholicus of the Eastern Church (1281)
29. Marco Polo's Account of Nayan's Rebellion against Khubilai Khan (1287)
30. Marco Polo on the Women of Khubilai Khan's Court (ca. 1298)
31. Marco Polo's Description of China's Countryside (1298)
32. Marco Polo on Khubilai Khan's Palace (1298)
33. Marco Polo on Paper Money in China (ca. 1300)
34. Marco Polo on Mongol Warriors in the 13th Century (ca. 1300)
35. Marco Polo's Description of the City of Daidu (ca. 1300)
36. Marco Polo's Description of Khubilai Khan Hunting (ca. 1300)
37. Marco Polo's Description of Chinese Ships (ca. 1300)
38. Marco Polo's Description of Mongol Shamanism (ca. 1300)
39. Marco Polo's Account of Khubilai Khan's Hunting Park at Shangdu (ca. 1300)
40. Marco Polo's Account of the Assassins (ca. 1300)
41. An Armenian Account of the Mongols' Divine Right to Rule (Early 14th Century)
42. Passage from Jami'u't-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) in Which Chinggis Khan Explains the Best Things in Life (Early 14th Century)
43. Letter from Ghazan, Ruler of the Il-Khanate, to Pope Boniface VIII (April 1302)
44. Rabban Sawma's Account of the Meeting of Oljeitu and Mar Yahba Allah (1304)
45. Marco Polo on Mongol Customs (ca. 1324)
46. Gilles Li Muisis's Account of the Black Death at the Siege of Kaffa (1347)
47. Account of Samarkand under Timur-i Leng (ca. 1403-1406)
48. Account of the Battle of the Ugra River from the Nikonian Chronicle (1480)
Appendix: Rulers
Glossary
Bibliography
Editor and Contributors
Index