The Western Humanities, Complete

The Western Humanities, 6/e
Preface
Introduction: Why Study Cultural History?
A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts
Chapter 1
PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
Prehistory and Early Cultures
Paleolithic Period
Neolithic Period
Technology in Early Cultures
Stone Age Technology
Bronze Age Technology
Iron Age Technology
The Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia
The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms
The Cradle of Civilization
Writing
Encounter: "Phonecians and Their Alphabet"
Religion
Literature
Slice of Life: "A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son"
Law
Science: Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
Art and Architecture
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years
A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values
Religion
Writing and Literature
Slice of Life: "The Instruction of Amenemope"
Science and Medicine
Architecture
Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts
Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires
The Hittites
The Assyrians
The Medes
The Persians
The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 2
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGEPrelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000 - 1100 B.C.E.
Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900 - 1100 B.C.E.
Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae
Crete and Mycenae
Archaic Greece
Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100 - 800 B.C.E.
The Archaic Age, 800 - 479 B.C.E.
Political, Economic, and Social Structures
The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens
Technology in Archaic Greece
The Persian Wars
Encounter: "Near Estern Art and Greek Pottery"
The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form
Religion
Epic Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Slice of Life: "The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient Greece"
Natural Philosophy
Medicine
Architecture
Sculpture
The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 3
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE General Characteristics of Hellenic Civilization
Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia
Phases of the Hellenic Age
Technology
Shipbuilding
Warfare
The Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece
Theater: Tragedy
Features of the Greek Theater
Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art
Tragic Drama
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Theater: Comedy
Music
History
Philosophy, Science and Medicine
The Pre-Socratics
The Sophists
The Socratic Revolution
Plato
Aristotle
Architecture
Sanctuaries
The Temple: The Perfection of the Form
Slice of Life: Xenophon, "Secrets of a Successful Marriage"
Sculpture
The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 4
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE The Stages of Hellenistic History
The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States
The Arrival and Triumph of Rome
Urban Life in the Hellenistic Age
Pergamum
Alexandria in Egypt
Slice of Life: Theocritus, "Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt
The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World
Drama and Literature
Philosophy and Religion
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Fate and the Mystery Cults
Science and Medicine
Encounter: "The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library"
Architecture
The Corinthian Temple
The Altar
Sculpture
Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 5
ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES The Colossus of the Mediterranean World
General Characteristics of Roman Civilization
Technology
Warfare
Construction
The Etruscan and Greek Connections
Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C.
The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C.
The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C.
The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C.
The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C.
Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284
Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193
Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284
The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur
Roman Religion
Language, Literature, and Drama
The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C.

Slice of Life: "A College Student's Letter Home"
The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200
Slice of Life: Marcus, Son of Cicero, "Changing My Ways"
The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200
Philosophy
Stoicism
Neo-Platonism
Science and Medicine
Law
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline


Chapter 6
JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY Judaism
The People and Their Religion
Egypt, Exodus, and Moses
The Kingdom of Israel
The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period
The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Societal and Family Relationships
Slice of Life: "A Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple"
The Bible
Early Jewish Art and Architecture
Encounter: "Baal, A Rival to the Israelites' God"
Christianity
The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament
Christians and Jews
Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies
Christians in the Roman Empire
Slice of Life: "A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities"
Early Christian Literature
Early Christian Art
The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 7
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WESTThe Last Days of the Roman Empire
Diocletian's Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395
The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration
Early Christian Developments
Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476
The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization
Literature, Theology, and History
The Fathers of the Church
Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to His Sons"
Church History
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
Encounter: "Ancient Globalization: Rome and The Silk Road"
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453
History of the Byzantine Empire
Slice of Life: "A Father's Advice to HIs Sons
Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism
The Orthodox Religion
Science and Technology
Law and History
Architecture and Mosaics
The Early Medieval West
The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World
Religion and the Arts and Humanities in the Early Middle Ages
Christianity: Leadership and Organization
Literature, History, and Learning
Music
Architecture
Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts
Technology
Warefare
Farming
The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 8
THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517Muhammad, The Prophet
Imperial Islam
The Post-Muhammad Years
The Umayyad Dynasty
The Abbasid Dynasty
The Seljuk Turk Empire
Imperial Decline
Islam as Religion
Medieval Islamic Culture
Medicine
Philosophy and History
Philiosophy
History
Technology
Papermaking
Hydraulics
Mechanical Engineering
Encounter: "An International Community of Scholars"
Literature
Poetry
Prose
Art and Architecture
Architecture
Painting
Slice of Life: "Feard of Assimilation in a Multi-Cultural Society"
Music
The Legacy of Medieval Islam
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIESFeudalism
The Feudal System and the Feudal Society
Peasant Life
The Rise of Towns
The
Feudal Monarchy
The French Monarchy
The English Monarchy
The Holy Roman Empire
The Papal Monarchy
Medieval Christianity and the Church
Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans
Christian Beliefs and Practices
Religious Orders and Lay Piety
The Crusades
Slice of Life: "When Love Knows No Boundaries"
The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular
Theology and Learning
Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism
Peter Abelard
The Rise of the Universities
Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas
Science and Medicine
Science
Medicine
Literature
Monastic and Feudal Writing
Vernacular and Courtly Writing
Dante
Architecture and Art
Romanesque Churches and Related Arts
Gothic Churches and Related Arts
Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194
High Gothic Style, 1194-1300
Music
Technology
Warfare
Waterpower and Windpower
Farming
The Legacy of the Christian Centuries
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline

Chapter 10
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300 - 1500 Hard Times Come to Europe
Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War
Depopulation and Rebellion
The Secular Monarchies
The Papal Monarchy
Technology
The Rise of Industries
The Printing Press
The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages
Religion
Slice of Life: "A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages"
Theology and Philosophy
The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
Science
Literature
Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio
English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer
French Literature: Christine de Pizan
Art and Architecture
Late Gothic Architecture
Late Gothic Sculpture
Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends
Music
The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 11
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400 - 1494 The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation
Early Renaissance History and Institutions
Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance
Florence, the Center of the Renaissance
The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500
The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance
Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling
SLice of Life: Battle of the Sexes, Fifteenth Century Style
Thought and Philosophy
Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
Artistic Ideals and Innovations
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
Encounter: "The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance"
Music
The Legacy of the Early Renaissance
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Timeline
Chapter 12
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494 - 1564The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529
Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
Demographics, Prosperity, and the Beginning of a Global Village
Technology
Science and Medicine
Encounter: Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage of a New World
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
Literature
Gaspara Stampa
Castiglione
Machiavelli
Painting
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael
The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
The School of Parma: Parmigianino
Sculpture
SLice of Life: "Artists and Their Critics: Michelangelo's Strategy"
Architecture
Music
The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline
Chapter 13
NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500 - 1603Northern Humanism
The Northern Renaissance
Northern Renaissance Thought and Science
Jean Bodin
Andreas Vesalius
Northern Renaissance Literature
Michel de Montaigne
William Shakespeare
Northern Renaissance Painting
Albrecht Duerer
Mathias Grunewald
Hieronymus Bosch
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Encounter: "Indigineous Peoples and New Spain"
Slice of Life: "The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe: Bartolome de Las Casas From, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies"
The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations
The Protestant Order
Luther's Revolt
Luther's Beliefs
Social and Political Implications of Luther's Revolt
The Reforms of John Calvin
The Reform of the English Church
The Counter-Reformation
The Reformed Papacy
New Monastic Orders
The Council of Trent
Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603
Late Mannerism
Spanish Painting
Spanish Literature
Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto
Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England
The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 14
THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600 - 1715Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power
France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism
England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy
Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power
The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648
Slice of Life: "Two Views of Power: Master and Servant"
Encounter: "Japan Closes Its Doors, Nearly"
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713
The Baroque: Variations on an International Style
The Florid Baroque
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting
The Classical Baroque
Architecture
Painting
The Restrained Baroque
Painting
Architecture
Literature
Baroque Literature in France
Baroque Literature in England
Music
The Legacy of the Baroque Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 15
THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600 - 1715Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution
The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton
Nicolas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Medicine and Chemistry
Technology
The Impact of Science on Philosophy
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
Blaise Pascal
Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution
Slice of Life: "Innocent or Guilty?" - A Seventeenth Century Witch Trial"
The Revolution in Political Philosophy
Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet
Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke
European Exploration and Expansion
Responses to the Revolutions in Thought
Encounter: The Sinews of Trade
The Spread of Ideas
Impact on the Arts
The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Timeline
Chapter 16
THE AGE OF REASON, 1700 - 1789The Enlightenment
The Philosophes and Their Program
Religion
Deism
Popular Religion
The Encyclopedie
The Physiocrats
The Great Powers During the Age of Reason
Society: Continuity and Change
Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism
France: The Successors to the Sun King
Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings
Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
The Rococo Style in the Arts
Rococo Painting
Rococo Interiors
The English Response
Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
The Challenge of Neoclassicism
Neoclassical Painting
The Print
Neoclassical Architecture
Philosophy
Political Philosophy
David Hume
Literature
French Writers: The Development of New Forms
Neoclassicism in English Literature
Slice of Life: "How to Manipulate the System: Lady Mary Wortly Mantagu"
The Rise of the Novel
Music
The Legacy of the Age of Reason
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 17
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760 - 1830The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization in England
Slice of Life: "Life inside a 'Satanic Mill' in 1815: Elizabeth Bently"
Classical Economics
: The Rationale for Industrialization
Political Revolutions, 1760 - 1815
The American Revolution
The French Revolution
Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
Technology
Reaction, 1815 - 1830
Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789
Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789
Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression
The Romantic Movement in Literature
Romantic Painting
Science and Philosophy
Science
Philosophy
The Birth of Romantic Music
The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline
Chapter 18
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830 - 1871The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
Wars and Unification in Central Europe
Civil War in the United States
Industrialization, Technology, and Warfare
Industrialism: The Shrinking Globe
New Technologies
The Second Industrial Revolution
Symbols of the Bourgeois Age: the Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
Liberalism Redefined
Socialism
Religion and the Challenge of Science
Slice of Life: "Observing Human Behavior: The Classes and the Masses"
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
Literature
The Height of French Romanticism
Romanticism in the English Novel
Romanticism in American Literature
Realism in French and English Novels
The Russian Realists
Realism Among African American Writers
Art and Architecture
Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830
The Rise of Realism in Art
Photography
Music
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 19
THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871 - 1914Europe's Rise to World Leadership
The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life
Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis
Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West
SLice of Life: "Winning the Right to Vote: Lady Constance Lytton"
Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
Imperialism and International Relations
The Scramble for Colonies
The Outbreak of World War I
Early Modernism
Philosophy, Psychology and Religion
Nietzche
Freud and Jung
Religious Developments
Literature
Naturalistic Literature
Decadence in Literature
Expressionist Literature
The Advance of Science
The Modernist Revolution in Art
Impressionism
Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art
Post-Impressionism
Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism
New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture
Music: From Impressionism to Jazz
The Legacy of Early Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 20
THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914 - 1945The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
World War I and Its Aftermath
Encounter: "Civil Disobedience and the campaign for Indian Independence"
The Great Depression of the 1930s
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Russian Communism
European Fascism
World War II: Origins and Outcome
The Zenith of Modernism
Mass Culture, technology, and Warfare
Mass Culture and New Technologies
Warfare
Experimentation in Literature
The Novel
Poetry
Drama
Philosophy and Medicine
Philosophy
Science,br> Medicine
Slice of Life: "The Face of Evil: A Nazi Death Camp"
Art, Architecture, Photography, and Film
Painting
Architecture
Photograohy
Film
Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 21
THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM, 1945-1970 From a European to a World Civilization
The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970
Postwar Recovery and the New World Order
The Cold War
Emergence of the Third World
The End of Modernism
Philosophy and Religion
Political and Social Movements
Science and Technology
Slice of Life: "Humans in Space: 'One Giant Leap for Mankind'"
The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama
The Literature of Post-Modernism
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Late Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Architecture
Happenings
Late Modern Music
Encounter: "The Globalization of Popular Music"
Film
The Legacy of the Age of Late Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

Chapter 22
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GLOBALIZATION, TERROR, AND POST-MODERNISMToward a New Global Order, 1970-200
National Issues and International Realignment
The Fall of Communism
The Post-Cold War World
The Age of Terror, 2001-
The Birth of Post-Modernism
Medicine, Science, and Technology
Advances in Medicine
Genetics
Technological Breakthroughs
Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy
Religion and Religious Thought
Encounter: "Continental Drift: Demography and Migration"
The Literature of Post-Modernism
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Post-Modernism and the Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Installation Art
Environmental Art
Video Art
Film
Post-Modern Music
Performance Art
Mass Culture
Slice of Life: "David Brooks, Trading Cricket for Jihad"
The Legacy of the Contemproary World
A Summing Up
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Timeline

APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX