WebGL Programming Guide
Interactive 3D Graphics Programming with WebGL
Published on 25. July 2013
Book
Paperback/Softback
552 pages
978-0-321-90292-4 (ISBN)
Description
Using WebGL (R), you can create sophisticated interactive 3D graphics inside web browsers, without plug-ins. WebGL makes it possible to build a new generation of 3D web games, user interfaces, and information visualization solutions that will run on any standard web browser, and on PCs, smartphones, tablets, game consoles, or other devices. WebGL Programming Guide will help you get started quickly with interactive WebGL 3D programming, even if you have no prior knowledge of HTML5, JavaScript, 3D graphics, mathematics, or OpenGL.
You'll learn step-by-step, through realistic examples, building your skills as you move from simple to complex solutions for building visually appealing web pages and 3D applications with WebGL. Media, 3D graphics, and WebGL pioneers Dr. Kouichi Matsuda and Dr. Rodger Lea offer easy-to-understand tutorials on key aspects of WebGL, plus 100 downloadable sample programs, each demonstrating a specific WebGL topic.
You'll move from basic techniques such as rendering, animating, and texturing triangles, all the way to advanced techniques such as fogging, shadowing, shader switching, and displaying 3D models generated by Blender or other authoring tools. This book won't just teach you WebGL best practices, it will give you a library of code to jumpstart your own projects.
Coverage includes:
* WebGL's origin, core concepts, features, advantages, and integration with other web standards
* How and basic WebGL functions work together to deliver 3D graphics
* Shader development with OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES)
* 3D scene drawing: representing user views, controlling space volume, clipping, object creation, and perspective
* Achieving greater realism through lighting and hierarchical objects
* Advanced techniques: object manipulation, heads-up displays, alpha blending, shader switching, and more
* Valuable reference appendixes covering key issues ranging from coordinate systems to matrices and shader loading to web browser settings
This is the newest text in the OpenGL Technical Library, Addison-Wesley's definitive collection of programming guides an reference manuals for OpenGL and its related technologies. The Library enables programmers to gain a practical understanding of OpenGL and the other Khronos application-programming libraries including OpenGL ES and OpenCL. All of the technologies in the OpenGL Technical Library evolve under the auspices of the Khronos Group, the industry consortium guiding the evolution of modern, open-standards media APIs.
You'll learn step-by-step, through realistic examples, building your skills as you move from simple to complex solutions for building visually appealing web pages and 3D applications with WebGL. Media, 3D graphics, and WebGL pioneers Dr. Kouichi Matsuda and Dr. Rodger Lea offer easy-to-understand tutorials on key aspects of WebGL, plus 100 downloadable sample programs, each demonstrating a specific WebGL topic.
You'll move from basic techniques such as rendering, animating, and texturing triangles, all the way to advanced techniques such as fogging, shadowing, shader switching, and displaying 3D models generated by Blender or other authoring tools. This book won't just teach you WebGL best practices, it will give you a library of code to jumpstart your own projects.
Coverage includes:
* WebGL's origin, core concepts, features, advantages, and integration with other web standards
* How and basic WebGL functions work together to deliver 3D graphics
* Shader development with OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES)
* 3D scene drawing: representing user views, controlling space volume, clipping, object creation, and perspective
* Achieving greater realism through lighting and hierarchical objects
* Advanced techniques: object manipulation, heads-up displays, alpha blending, shader switching, and more
* Valuable reference appendixes covering key issues ranging from coordinate systems to matrices and shader loading to web browser settings
This is the newest text in the OpenGL Technical Library, Addison-Wesley's definitive collection of programming guides an reference manuals for OpenGL and its related technologies. The Library enables programmers to gain a practical understanding of OpenGL and the other Khronos application-programming libraries including OpenGL ES and OpenCL. All of the technologies in the OpenGL Technical Library evolve under the auspices of the Khronos Group, the industry consortium guiding the evolution of modern, open-standards media APIs.
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Persons
Dr. Kouichi Matsuda has a broad background in user interface and user experience design and its application to novel multimedia products. His work has taken him from product development, through research, and back to development, having spent time at NEC, Sony Corporate Research, and Sony Computer Science Laboratories. He is currently a chief distinguished researcher focused on user experience and human computer interaction across a range of consumer electronics. He was the designer of the social 3D virtual world called "PAW" (personal agent-oriented virtual world), was involved in the development of the VRML97 (ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997) standard from the start, and has remained active in both VRML and X3D communities (precursors to WebGL). He has written 15 books on computer technologies and translated a further 25 into Japanese. His expertise covers user experiences, user interface, human computer interaction, natural language understanding, entertainment-oriented network services, and interface agent systems. Always on the lookout for new and exciting possibilities in the technology space, he combines his professional life with a love of hot springs, sea in summer, wines, and MANGA (at which he dabbles in drawing and illustrations). He received his Ph.D. (Engineering) from the Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo.
Dr. Rodger Lea is an adjunct professor with the Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre at the University of British Columbia, with an interest in systems aspects of multimedia and distributed computing. With more than 20 years of experience leading research groups in both academic and industrial settings, he has worked on early versions of shared 3D worlds, helped define VRML97, developed multimedia operating systems, prototyped interactive digital TV, and led developments on multimedia home networking standards. He has published more than 60 research papers and three books, and he holds 12 patents. His current research explores the growing "Internet of Things," but he retains a passion for all things media and graphics.
Dr. Rodger Lea is an adjunct professor with the Media and Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre at the University of British Columbia, with an interest in systems aspects of multimedia and distributed computing. With more than 20 years of experience leading research groups in both academic and industrial settings, he has worked on early versions of shared 3D worlds, helped define VRML97, developed multimedia operating systems, prototyped interactive digital TV, and led developments on multimedia home networking standards. He has published more than 60 research papers and three books, and he holds 12 patents. His current research explores the growing "Internet of Things," but he retains a passion for all things media and graphics.
Content
Preface xvii
1. Overview of WebGL 1
Advantages of WebGL 3
You Can Start Developing 3D Graphics Applications Using Only a Text Editor 3
Publishing Your 3D Graphics Applications Is Easy 4
You Can Leverage the Full Functionality of the Browser 5
Learning and Using WebGL Is Easy 5
Origins of WebGL 5
Structure of WebGL Applications 6
Summary 7
2. Your First Step with WebGL 9
What Is a Canvas? 9
Using the Tag 11
DrawRectangle.js 13
The World's Shortest WebGL Program: Clear Drawing Area 16
The HTML File (HelloCanvas.html) 17
JavaScript Program (HelloCanvas.js) 18
Experimenting with the Sample Program 23
Draw a Point (Version 1) 23
HelloPoint1.html 25
HelloPoint1.js 25
What Is a Shader? 27
The Structure of a WebGL Program that Uses Shaders 28
Initializing Shaders 30
Vertex Shader 33
Fragment Shader 35
The Draw Operation 36
The WebGL Coordinate System 38
Experimenting with the Sample Program 40
Draw a Point (Version 2) 41
Using Attribute Variables 41
Sample Program (HelloPoint2.js) 42
Getting the Storage Location of an Attribute Variable 44
Assigning a Value to an Attribute Variable 45
Family Methods of gl.vertexAttrib3f() 47
Experimenting with the Sample Program 49
Draw a Point with a Mouse Click 50
Sample Program (ClickedPoints.js) 50
Register Event Handlers 52
Handling Mouse Click Events 53
Experimenting with the Sample Program 57
Change the Point Color 58
Sample Program (ColoredPoints.js) 59
Uniform Variables 61
Retrieving the Storage Location of a Uniform Variable 62
Assigning a Value to a Uniform Variable 63
Family Methods of gl.uniform4f() 65
Summary 66
3. Drawing and Transforming Triangles 67
Drawing Multiple Points 68
Sample Program (MultiPoint.js) 70
Using Buffer Objects 72
Create a Buffer Object (gl.createBuffer()) 74
Bind a Buffer Object to a Target (gl.bindBuffer()) 75
Write Data into a Buffer Object (gl.bufferData()) 76
Typed Arrays 78
Assign the Buffer Object to an Attribute Variable (gl.vertexAttribPointer()) 79
Enable the Assignment to an Attribute Variable (gl.enableVertexAttribArray()) 81
The Second and Third Parameters of gl.drawArrays() 82
Experimenting with the Sample Program 84
Hello Triangle 85
Sample Program (HelloTriangle.js) 85
Basic Shapes 87
Experimenting with the Sample Program 89
Hello Rectangle (HelloQuad) 89
Experimenting with the Sample Program 91
Moving, Rotating, and Scaling 91
Translation 92
Sample Program (TranslatedTriangle.js) 93
Rotation 96
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle.js) 99
Transformation Matrix: Rotation 102
Transformation Matrix: Translation 105
Rotation Matrix, Again 106
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle_Matrix.js) 107
Reusing the Same Approach for Translation 111
Transformation Matrix: Scaling 111
Summary 113
4. More Transformations and Basic Animation 115
Translate and Then Rotate 115
Transformation Matrix Library: cuon-matrix.js 116
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle_Matrix4.js) 117
Combining Multiple Transformation 119
Sample Program (RotatedTranslatedTriangle.js) 121
Experimenting with the Sample Program 123
Animation 124
The Basics of Animation 125
Sample Program (RotatingTriangle.js) 126
Repeatedly Call the Drawing Function (tick()) 129
Draw a Triangle with the Specified Rotation Angle (draw()) 130
Request to Be Called Again (requestAnimationFrame()) 131
Update the Rotation Angle (animate()) 133
Experimenting with the Sample Program 135
Summary 136
5. Using Colors and Texture Images 137
Passing Other Types of Information to Vertex Shaders 137
Sample Program (MultiAttributeSize.js) 139
Create Multiple Buffer Objects 140
The gl.vertexAttribPointer() Stride and Offset Parameters 141
Sample Program (MultiAttributeSize_Interleaved.js) 142
Modifying the Color (Varying Variable) 146
Sample Program (MultiAttributeColor.js) 147
Experimenting with the Sample Program 150
Color Triangle (ColoredTriangle.js) 151
Geometric Shape Assembly and Rasterization 151
Fragment Shader Invocations 155
Experimenting with the Sample Program 156
Functionality of Varying Variables and the Interpolation Process 157
Pasting an Image onto a Rectangle 160
Texture Coordinates 162
Pasting Texture Images onto the Geometric Shape 162
Sample Program (TexturedQuad.js) 163
Using Texture Coordinates (initVertexBuffers()) 166
Setting Up and Loading Images (initTextures()) 166
Make the Texture Ready to Use in the WebGL System (loadTexture()) 170
Flip an Image's Y-Axis 170
Making a Texture Unit Active (gl.activeTexture()) 171
Binding a Texture Object to a Target (gl.bindTexture()) 173
Set the Texture Parameters of a Texture Object (gl.texParameteri()) 174
Assigning a Texture Image to a Texture Object (gl.texImage2D()) 177
Pass the Texture Unit to the Fragment Shader (gl.uniform1i()) 179
Passing Texture Coordinates from the Vertex Shader to the Fragment Shader 180
Retrieve the Texel Color in a Fragment Shader (texture2D()) 181
Experimenting with the Sample Program 182
Pasting Multiple Textures to a Shape 183
Sample Program (MultiTexture.js) 184
Summary 189
6. The OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES) 191
Recap of Basic Shader Programs 191
Overview of GLSL ES 192
Hello Shader! 193
Basics 193
Order of Execution 193
Comments 193
Data (Numerical and Boolean Values) 194
Variables 194
GLSL ES Is a Type Sensitive Language 195
Basic Types 195
Assignment and Type Conversion 196
Operations 197
Vector Types and Matrix Types 198
Assignments and Constructors 199
Access to Components 201
Operations 204
Structures 207
Assignments and Constructors 207
Access to Members 207
Operations 208
Arrays 208
Samplers 209
Precedence of Operators 210
Conditional Control Flow and Iteration 211
if Statement and if-else Statement 211
for Statement 211
continue, break, discard Statements 212
Functions 213
Prototype Declarations 214
Parameter Qualifiers 214
Built-In Functions 215
Global Variables and Local Variables 216
Storage Qualifiers 217
const Variables 217
Attribute Variables 218
Uniform Variables 218
Varying Variables 219
Precision Qualifiers 219
Preprocessor Directives 221
Summary 223
7. Toward the 3D World 225
What's Good for Triangles Is Good for Cubes 225
Specifying the Viewing Direction 226
Eye Point, Look-At Point, and Up Direction 227
Sample Program (LookAtTriangles.js) 229
Comparing LookAtTriangles.js with RotatedTriangle_Matrix4.js 232
Looking at Rotated Triangles from a Specified Position 234
Sample Program (LookAtRotatedTriangles.js) 235
Experimenting with the Sample Program 236
Changing the Eye Point Using the Keyboard 238
Sample Program (LookAtTrianglesWithKeys.js) 238
Missing Parts 241
Specifying the Visible Range (Box Type) 241
Specify the Viewing Volume 242
Defining a Box-Shaped Viewing Volume 243
Sample Program (OrthoView.html) 245
Sample Program (OrthoView.js) 246
Modifying an HTML Element Using JavaScript 247
The Processing Flow of the Vertex Shader 248
Changing Near or Far 250
Restoring the Clipped Parts of the Triangles (LookAtTrianglesWithKeys_ViewVolume.js) 251
Experimenting with the Sample Program 253
Specifying the Visible Range Using a Quadrangular Pyramid 254
Setting the Quadrangular Pyramid Viewing Volume 256
Sample Program (PerspectiveView.js) 258
The Role of the Projection Matrix 260
Using All the Matrices (Model Matrix, View Matrix, and Projection Matrix) ......262
Sample Program (PerspectiveView_mvp.js) 263
Experimenting with the Sample Program 266
Correctly Handling Foreground and Background Objects 267
Hidden Surface Removal 270
Sample Program (DepthBuffer.js) 272
Z Fighting 273
Hello Cube 275
Drawing the Object with Indices and Vertices Coordinates 277
Sample Program (HelloCube.js) 278
Writing Vertex Coordinates, Colors, and Indices to the Buffer Object 281
Adding Color to Each Face of a Cube 284
Sample Program (ColoredCube.js) 285
Experimenting with the Sample Program 287
Summary 289
8. Lighting Objects 291
Lighting 3D Objects 291
Types of Light Source 293
Types of Reflected Light 294
Shading Due to Directional Light and Its Diffuse Reflection 296
Calculating Diffuse Reflection Using the Light Direction and the Orientation of a Surface 297
The Orientation of a Surface: What Is the Normal? 299
Sample Program (LightedCube.js) 302
Add Shading Due to Ambient Light 307
Sample Program (LightedCube_ambient.js) 308
Lighting the Translated-Rotated Object 310
The Magic Matrix: Inverse Transpose Matrix 311
Sample Program (LightedTranslatedRotatedCube.js) 312
Using a Point Light Object 314
Sample Program (PointLightedCube.js) 315
More Realistic Shading: Calculating the Color per Fragment 319
Sample Program (PointLightedCube_perFragment.js) 319
Summary 321
9. Hierarchical Objects 323
Drawing and Manipulating Objects Composed of Other Objects 324
Hierarchical Structure 325
Single Joint Model 326
Sample Program (JointModel.js) 328
Draw the Hierarchical Structure (draw()) 332
A Multijoint Model 334
Sample Program (MultiJointModel.js) 335
Draw Segments (drawBox()) 339
Draw Segments (drawSegment()) 340
Shader and Program Objects: The Role of initShaders() 344
Create Shader Objects (gl.createShader()) 345
Store the Shader Source Code in the Shader Objects (g.shaderSource()) 346
Compile Shader Objects (gl.compileShader()) 347
Create a Program Object (gl.createProgram()) 349
Attach the Shader Objects to the Program Object (gl.attachShader()) 350
Link the Program Object (gl.linkProgram()) 351
Tell the WebGL System Which Program Object to Use (gl.useProgram()) 353
The Program Flow of initShaders() 353
Summary 356
10. Advanced Techniques 357
Rotate an Object with the Mouse 357
How to Implement Object Rotation 358
Sample Program (RotateObject.js) 358
Select an Object 360
How to Implement Object Selection 361
Sample Program (PickObject.js) 362
Select the Face of the Object 365
Sample Program (PickFace.js) 366
HUD (Head Up Display) 368
How to Implement a HUD 369
Sample Program (HUD.html) 369
Sample Program (HUD.js) 370
Display a 3D Object on a Web Page (3DoverWeb) 372
Fog (Atmospheric Effect) 372
How to Implement Fog 373
Sample Program (Fog.js) 374
Use the w Value (Fog_w.js) 376
Make a Rounded Point 377
How to Implement a Rounded Point 377
Sample Program (RoundedPoints.js) 378
Alpha Blending 380
How to Implement Alpha Blending 380
Sample Program (LookAtBlendedTriangles.js) 381
Blending Function 382
Alpha Blend 3D Objects (BlendedCube.js) 384
How to Draw When Alpha Values Coexist 385
Switching Shaders 386
How to Implement Switching Shaders 387
Sample Program (ProgramObject.js) 387
Use What You've Drawn as a Texture Image 392
Framebuffer Object and Renderbuffer Object 392
How to Implement Using a Drawn Object as a Texture 394
Sample Program (FramebufferObjectj.js) 395
Create Frame Buffer Object (gl.createFramebuffer()) 397
Create Texture Object and Set Its Size and Parameters 397
Create Renderbuffer Object (gl.createRenderbuffer()) 398
Bind Renderbuffer Object to Target and Set Size (gl.bindRenderbuffer(), gl.renderbufferStorage()) 399
Set Texture Object to Framebuffer Object (gl.bindFramebuffer(), gl.framebufferTexture2D()) 400
Set Renderbuffer Object to Framebuffer Object (gl.framebufferRenderbuffer()) 401
Check Configuration of Framebuffer Object (gl.checkFramebufferStatus()) 402
Draw Using the Framebuffer Object 403
Display Shadows 405
How to Implement Shadows 405
Sample Program (Shadow.js) 406
Increasing Precision 412
Sample Program (Shadow_highp.js) 413
Load and Display 3D Models 414
The OBJ File Format 417
The MTL File Format 418
Sample Program (OBJViewer.js) 419
User-Defined Object 422
Sample Program (Parser Code in OBJViewer.js) 423
Handling Lost Context 430
How to Implement Handling Lost Context 431
Sample Program (RotatingTriangle_contextLost.js) 432
Summary 434
A. No Need to Swap Buffers in WebGL 437
B. Built-in Functions of GLSL ES 1.0 441
Angle and Trigonometry Functions 441
Exponential Functions 443
Common Functions 444
Geometric Functions 447
Matrix Functions 448
Vector Functions 449
Texture Lookup Functions 451
C. Projection Matrices 453
Orthogonal Projection Matrix 453
Perspective Projection Matrix 453
D. WebGL/OpenGL: Left or Right Handed? 455
Sample Program CoordinateSystem.js 456
Hidden Surface Removal and the Clip Coordinate System 459
The Clip Coordinate System and the Viewing Volume 460
What Is Correct? 462
Summary 464
E. The Inverse Transpose Matrix 465
F. Load Shader Programs from Files 471
G. World Coordinate System Versus Local Coordinate System 473
The Local Coordinate System 474
The World Coordinate System 475
Transformations and the Coordinate Systems 477
H. Web Browser Settings for WebGL 479
Glossary 481
References 485
Index 487
1. Overview of WebGL 1
Advantages of WebGL 3
You Can Start Developing 3D Graphics Applications Using Only a Text Editor 3
Publishing Your 3D Graphics Applications Is Easy 4
You Can Leverage the Full Functionality of the Browser 5
Learning and Using WebGL Is Easy 5
Origins of WebGL 5
Structure of WebGL Applications 6
Summary 7
2. Your First Step with WebGL 9
What Is a Canvas? 9
Using the Tag 11
DrawRectangle.js 13
The World's Shortest WebGL Program: Clear Drawing Area 16
The HTML File (HelloCanvas.html) 17
JavaScript Program (HelloCanvas.js) 18
Experimenting with the Sample Program 23
Draw a Point (Version 1) 23
HelloPoint1.html 25
HelloPoint1.js 25
What Is a Shader? 27
The Structure of a WebGL Program that Uses Shaders 28
Initializing Shaders 30
Vertex Shader 33
Fragment Shader 35
The Draw Operation 36
The WebGL Coordinate System 38
Experimenting with the Sample Program 40
Draw a Point (Version 2) 41
Using Attribute Variables 41
Sample Program (HelloPoint2.js) 42
Getting the Storage Location of an Attribute Variable 44
Assigning a Value to an Attribute Variable 45
Family Methods of gl.vertexAttrib3f() 47
Experimenting with the Sample Program 49
Draw a Point with a Mouse Click 50
Sample Program (ClickedPoints.js) 50
Register Event Handlers 52
Handling Mouse Click Events 53
Experimenting with the Sample Program 57
Change the Point Color 58
Sample Program (ColoredPoints.js) 59
Uniform Variables 61
Retrieving the Storage Location of a Uniform Variable 62
Assigning a Value to a Uniform Variable 63
Family Methods of gl.uniform4f() 65
Summary 66
3. Drawing and Transforming Triangles 67
Drawing Multiple Points 68
Sample Program (MultiPoint.js) 70
Using Buffer Objects 72
Create a Buffer Object (gl.createBuffer()) 74
Bind a Buffer Object to a Target (gl.bindBuffer()) 75
Write Data into a Buffer Object (gl.bufferData()) 76
Typed Arrays 78
Assign the Buffer Object to an Attribute Variable (gl.vertexAttribPointer()) 79
Enable the Assignment to an Attribute Variable (gl.enableVertexAttribArray()) 81
The Second and Third Parameters of gl.drawArrays() 82
Experimenting with the Sample Program 84
Hello Triangle 85
Sample Program (HelloTriangle.js) 85
Basic Shapes 87
Experimenting with the Sample Program 89
Hello Rectangle (HelloQuad) 89
Experimenting with the Sample Program 91
Moving, Rotating, and Scaling 91
Translation 92
Sample Program (TranslatedTriangle.js) 93
Rotation 96
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle.js) 99
Transformation Matrix: Rotation 102
Transformation Matrix: Translation 105
Rotation Matrix, Again 106
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle_Matrix.js) 107
Reusing the Same Approach for Translation 111
Transformation Matrix: Scaling 111
Summary 113
4. More Transformations and Basic Animation 115
Translate and Then Rotate 115
Transformation Matrix Library: cuon-matrix.js 116
Sample Program (RotatedTriangle_Matrix4.js) 117
Combining Multiple Transformation 119
Sample Program (RotatedTranslatedTriangle.js) 121
Experimenting with the Sample Program 123
Animation 124
The Basics of Animation 125
Sample Program (RotatingTriangle.js) 126
Repeatedly Call the Drawing Function (tick()) 129
Draw a Triangle with the Specified Rotation Angle (draw()) 130
Request to Be Called Again (requestAnimationFrame()) 131
Update the Rotation Angle (animate()) 133
Experimenting with the Sample Program 135
Summary 136
5. Using Colors and Texture Images 137
Passing Other Types of Information to Vertex Shaders 137
Sample Program (MultiAttributeSize.js) 139
Create Multiple Buffer Objects 140
The gl.vertexAttribPointer() Stride and Offset Parameters 141
Sample Program (MultiAttributeSize_Interleaved.js) 142
Modifying the Color (Varying Variable) 146
Sample Program (MultiAttributeColor.js) 147
Experimenting with the Sample Program 150
Color Triangle (ColoredTriangle.js) 151
Geometric Shape Assembly and Rasterization 151
Fragment Shader Invocations 155
Experimenting with the Sample Program 156
Functionality of Varying Variables and the Interpolation Process 157
Pasting an Image onto a Rectangle 160
Texture Coordinates 162
Pasting Texture Images onto the Geometric Shape 162
Sample Program (TexturedQuad.js) 163
Using Texture Coordinates (initVertexBuffers()) 166
Setting Up and Loading Images (initTextures()) 166
Make the Texture Ready to Use in the WebGL System (loadTexture()) 170
Flip an Image's Y-Axis 170
Making a Texture Unit Active (gl.activeTexture()) 171
Binding a Texture Object to a Target (gl.bindTexture()) 173
Set the Texture Parameters of a Texture Object (gl.texParameteri()) 174
Assigning a Texture Image to a Texture Object (gl.texImage2D()) 177
Pass the Texture Unit to the Fragment Shader (gl.uniform1i()) 179
Passing Texture Coordinates from the Vertex Shader to the Fragment Shader 180
Retrieve the Texel Color in a Fragment Shader (texture2D()) 181
Experimenting with the Sample Program 182
Pasting Multiple Textures to a Shape 183
Sample Program (MultiTexture.js) 184
Summary 189
6. The OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES) 191
Recap of Basic Shader Programs 191
Overview of GLSL ES 192
Hello Shader! 193
Basics 193
Order of Execution 193
Comments 193
Data (Numerical and Boolean Values) 194
Variables 194
GLSL ES Is a Type Sensitive Language 195
Basic Types 195
Assignment and Type Conversion 196
Operations 197
Vector Types and Matrix Types 198
Assignments and Constructors 199
Access to Components 201
Operations 204
Structures 207
Assignments and Constructors 207
Access to Members 207
Operations 208
Arrays 208
Samplers 209
Precedence of Operators 210
Conditional Control Flow and Iteration 211
if Statement and if-else Statement 211
for Statement 211
continue, break, discard Statements 212
Functions 213
Prototype Declarations 214
Parameter Qualifiers 214
Built-In Functions 215
Global Variables and Local Variables 216
Storage Qualifiers 217
const Variables 217
Attribute Variables 218
Uniform Variables 218
Varying Variables 219
Precision Qualifiers 219
Preprocessor Directives 221
Summary 223
7. Toward the 3D World 225
What's Good for Triangles Is Good for Cubes 225
Specifying the Viewing Direction 226
Eye Point, Look-At Point, and Up Direction 227
Sample Program (LookAtTriangles.js) 229
Comparing LookAtTriangles.js with RotatedTriangle_Matrix4.js 232
Looking at Rotated Triangles from a Specified Position 234
Sample Program (LookAtRotatedTriangles.js) 235
Experimenting with the Sample Program 236
Changing the Eye Point Using the Keyboard 238
Sample Program (LookAtTrianglesWithKeys.js) 238
Missing Parts 241
Specifying the Visible Range (Box Type) 241
Specify the Viewing Volume 242
Defining a Box-Shaped Viewing Volume 243
Sample Program (OrthoView.html) 245
Sample Program (OrthoView.js) 246
Modifying an HTML Element Using JavaScript 247
The Processing Flow of the Vertex Shader 248
Changing Near or Far 250
Restoring the Clipped Parts of the Triangles (LookAtTrianglesWithKeys_ViewVolume.js) 251
Experimenting with the Sample Program 253
Specifying the Visible Range Using a Quadrangular Pyramid 254
Setting the Quadrangular Pyramid Viewing Volume 256
Sample Program (PerspectiveView.js) 258
The Role of the Projection Matrix 260
Using All the Matrices (Model Matrix, View Matrix, and Projection Matrix) ......262
Sample Program (PerspectiveView_mvp.js) 263
Experimenting with the Sample Program 266
Correctly Handling Foreground and Background Objects 267
Hidden Surface Removal 270
Sample Program (DepthBuffer.js) 272
Z Fighting 273
Hello Cube 275
Drawing the Object with Indices and Vertices Coordinates 277
Sample Program (HelloCube.js) 278
Writing Vertex Coordinates, Colors, and Indices to the Buffer Object 281
Adding Color to Each Face of a Cube 284
Sample Program (ColoredCube.js) 285
Experimenting with the Sample Program 287
Summary 289
8. Lighting Objects 291
Lighting 3D Objects 291
Types of Light Source 293
Types of Reflected Light 294
Shading Due to Directional Light and Its Diffuse Reflection 296
Calculating Diffuse Reflection Using the Light Direction and the Orientation of a Surface 297
The Orientation of a Surface: What Is the Normal? 299
Sample Program (LightedCube.js) 302
Add Shading Due to Ambient Light 307
Sample Program (LightedCube_ambient.js) 308
Lighting the Translated-Rotated Object 310
The Magic Matrix: Inverse Transpose Matrix 311
Sample Program (LightedTranslatedRotatedCube.js) 312
Using a Point Light Object 314
Sample Program (PointLightedCube.js) 315
More Realistic Shading: Calculating the Color per Fragment 319
Sample Program (PointLightedCube_perFragment.js) 319
Summary 321
9. Hierarchical Objects 323
Drawing and Manipulating Objects Composed of Other Objects 324
Hierarchical Structure 325
Single Joint Model 326
Sample Program (JointModel.js) 328
Draw the Hierarchical Structure (draw()) 332
A Multijoint Model 334
Sample Program (MultiJointModel.js) 335
Draw Segments (drawBox()) 339
Draw Segments (drawSegment()) 340
Shader and Program Objects: The Role of initShaders() 344
Create Shader Objects (gl.createShader()) 345
Store the Shader Source Code in the Shader Objects (g.shaderSource()) 346
Compile Shader Objects (gl.compileShader()) 347
Create a Program Object (gl.createProgram()) 349
Attach the Shader Objects to the Program Object (gl.attachShader()) 350
Link the Program Object (gl.linkProgram()) 351
Tell the WebGL System Which Program Object to Use (gl.useProgram()) 353
The Program Flow of initShaders() 353
Summary 356
10. Advanced Techniques 357
Rotate an Object with the Mouse 357
How to Implement Object Rotation 358
Sample Program (RotateObject.js) 358
Select an Object 360
How to Implement Object Selection 361
Sample Program (PickObject.js) 362
Select the Face of the Object 365
Sample Program (PickFace.js) 366
HUD (Head Up Display) 368
How to Implement a HUD 369
Sample Program (HUD.html) 369
Sample Program (HUD.js) 370
Display a 3D Object on a Web Page (3DoverWeb) 372
Fog (Atmospheric Effect) 372
How to Implement Fog 373
Sample Program (Fog.js) 374
Use the w Value (Fog_w.js) 376
Make a Rounded Point 377
How to Implement a Rounded Point 377
Sample Program (RoundedPoints.js) 378
Alpha Blending 380
How to Implement Alpha Blending 380
Sample Program (LookAtBlendedTriangles.js) 381
Blending Function 382
Alpha Blend 3D Objects (BlendedCube.js) 384
How to Draw When Alpha Values Coexist 385
Switching Shaders 386
How to Implement Switching Shaders 387
Sample Program (ProgramObject.js) 387
Use What You've Drawn as a Texture Image 392
Framebuffer Object and Renderbuffer Object 392
How to Implement Using a Drawn Object as a Texture 394
Sample Program (FramebufferObjectj.js) 395
Create Frame Buffer Object (gl.createFramebuffer()) 397
Create Texture Object and Set Its Size and Parameters 397
Create Renderbuffer Object (gl.createRenderbuffer()) 398
Bind Renderbuffer Object to Target and Set Size (gl.bindRenderbuffer(), gl.renderbufferStorage()) 399
Set Texture Object to Framebuffer Object (gl.bindFramebuffer(), gl.framebufferTexture2D()) 400
Set Renderbuffer Object to Framebuffer Object (gl.framebufferRenderbuffer()) 401
Check Configuration of Framebuffer Object (gl.checkFramebufferStatus()) 402
Draw Using the Framebuffer Object 403
Display Shadows 405
How to Implement Shadows 405
Sample Program (Shadow.js) 406
Increasing Precision 412
Sample Program (Shadow_highp.js) 413
Load and Display 3D Models 414
The OBJ File Format 417
The MTL File Format 418
Sample Program (OBJViewer.js) 419
User-Defined Object 422
Sample Program (Parser Code in OBJViewer.js) 423
Handling Lost Context 430
How to Implement Handling Lost Context 431
Sample Program (RotatingTriangle_contextLost.js) 432
Summary 434
A. No Need to Swap Buffers in WebGL 437
B. Built-in Functions of GLSL ES 1.0 441
Angle and Trigonometry Functions 441
Exponential Functions 443
Common Functions 444
Geometric Functions 447
Matrix Functions 448
Vector Functions 449
Texture Lookup Functions 451
C. Projection Matrices 453
Orthogonal Projection Matrix 453
Perspective Projection Matrix 453
D. WebGL/OpenGL: Left or Right Handed? 455
Sample Program CoordinateSystem.js 456
Hidden Surface Removal and the Clip Coordinate System 459
The Clip Coordinate System and the Viewing Volume 460
What Is Correct? 462
Summary 464
E. The Inverse Transpose Matrix 465
F. Load Shader Programs from Files 471
G. World Coordinate System Versus Local Coordinate System 473
The Local Coordinate System 474
The World Coordinate System 475
Transformations and the Coordinate Systems 477
H. Web Browser Settings for WebGL 479
Glossary 481
References 485
Index 487