Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

VOLUME 1 Part I. Basic Principles in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases SECTION A. MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS 1. A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity 2. Microbial Adherence 3. Toxins SECTION B. HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS 4. Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms 5. Human Genetics and Infection 6. Antibodies 7. Complement 8. Granulocytic Phagocytes 9. Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection 10. Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection 11. Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency SECTION C. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 12. Epidemiologic Principles 13. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Threats 14. Hospital Preparedness for Emerging and Highly Contagious Infections Diseases: Getting Ready for SARS or Whatever Comes Next SECTION D. 15. The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory SECTION E. ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY 16. Principles of Anti-infective Therapy 17. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 18. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents 19. Penicillins 20. Cephalosporins 21. Other b-Lactam Antibiotics 22. b-Lactam Allergy 23. Fusidic Acid 24. Aminoglycosides 25. Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol 26. Rifamycins 27. Metronidazole 28. Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Ketolides 29. Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), and Lipopeptides (Daptomycin) 30. Polymyxins (Polymixin B and Colistin) 31. Oxazolidinones 32. Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim 33. Quinolones 34. Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin and Methenamine 35. Topical Antibacterials 36. Antimycobacterial Agents 37. Systemic Antifungal Agents 38. Antiviral Drugs (Other Than Antiretrovirals) 39. Immunomodulators 40. Hyperbaric Oxygen 41. Agents Active against Parasites and Pneumocystis 42. Complementary and Alternative Medicines for Infectious Diseases 43. Antimicrobial Management and Cost Containment 44. Interpretating the Results of Clinical Trials on Antimicrobial Agents 45. Outpatient Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy 46. Tables of Antimicrobial Agent Pharmacology PART II. Major Clinical Syndromes SECTION A. FEVER 47. Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever 48. Fever of Unknown Origin 49. The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash SECTION B. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS 50. The Common Cold 51. Pharyngitis 52. Acute Laryngitis 53. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) 54. Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis 55. Sinusitis 56. Epiglottitis 57. Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head SECTION C. PLEUROPULMONARY AND BRONCHIAL INFECTIONS 58. Acute Bronchitis 59. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Bronchitis, and Acute Exacerbations 60. Bronchiolitis 61. Acute Pneumonia 62. Pleural Effusion and Empyema 63. Lung Abscess 64. Chronic Pneumonia 65. Cystic Fibrosis SECTION D. URINARY TRACT INFECTION 66. Urinary Tract Infections SECTION E. SEPSIS 67. Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock SECTION F. INTERABDOMINAL INFECTION 68. Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses 69. Infections of the Liver and Biliary System 70. Pancreatic Infections 71. Splenic Abscess 72. Appendicitis 73. Diverticulitis and Typhlitis SECTION G. CARDIOVASCULAR INFECTIONS 74. Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections 75. Infections of Prosthetic Valves and Other Cardiovascular Devices 76. Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis 77. Myocarditis and Pericarditis 78. Mediastinitis SECTION H. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 79. Approach to the Patient with Central Nervous System Infection 80. Acute Meningitis 81. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections 82. Chronic Meningitis 83. Encephalitis, Myelitis, and Neuritis 84. Brain Abscess 85. Subdural Empyema, Epidural Abscess, and Suppurative Intracranial Thrombophlebitis SECTION I. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS 86. Cellulitis and Subcutaneous Tissue Infections 87. Myositis 88. Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis SECTION J. GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND FOOD POISONING 89. Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection 90. Esophagitis 91. Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea 92. Antibiotic-Associated Colitis 93. Inflammatory Enteritides 94. Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Abdominal Symptoms with Fever 95. Foodborne Disease 96. Tropical Sprue/Enteropathy 97. Whipple's Disease SECTION K. BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS 98. Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints 99. Osteomyelitis 100. Infections with Prostheses in Bones and Joints SECTION L. DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 101. Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions 102. Urethritis 103. Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis 104. Infections of the Female Pelvis 105. Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis SECTION M. EYE INFECTIONS 105. Microbial Conjunctivitis 107. Microbial Keratitis 108. Endophthalmitis 109. Infectious Causes of Uveitis 110. Periocular Infections SECTION N. HEPATITIS 111. Acute Viral Hepatitis 112. Chronic Viral Hepatitis SECTION O. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 113. Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 114. Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 115. Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 116. The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 117. General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including the Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, and Cardiac Diseases) 118. Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 119. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 120. Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Opportunistic Infections 121. Malignancies in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 122. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women 123. Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 124. Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 125. Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 126. Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection SECTION P. MISCELLANEOUS SYNDROMES 127. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Index, i VOLUME 2 PART III. Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents SECTION A. VIRAL DISEASES 128. Introduction to Viruses and Viral Diseases 129. Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola (Smallpox), Monkeypox, and Cowpox 130. Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: Parapoxviruses, Molluscum Contagiosum, and Yatapox 131. Introduction to Herpesviridae 132. Herpes Simplex Virus 133. Varicella-Zoster Virus 134. Cytomegalovirus 135. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis) 136. Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 137. Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus Type 8) 138. Herpes B Virus 139. Adenovirus 140. Papillomaviruses 141. JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses; Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 142. Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus 143. Parvovirus B19 144. Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses 145. Coltiviruses and Seadornaviruses (Colorado Tick Fever) 146. Rotaviruses 147. Alphaviruses 148. Rubella Virus (German Measles) 149. Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis) 150. Hepatitis C 151. Hepatitis G Virus and TT Virus 152. Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Associated Coronavirus 153. Parainfluenza Viruses 154. Mumps Virus 155. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 156. Human Metapneumovirus 157. Measles Virus (Rubeola) 158. Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Hendra, Nipah, and Menangle Viruses 159. Vesicular Stomatitis and Related Viruses 160. Rabdoviruses 161. Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers 162. Influenza Virus 163. California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Bunyavirid Hemorrhagic Fevers 164. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers 165. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II 166. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses 167. Introduction to the Enteroviruses 168. Poliovirus 169. Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses 170. Hepatitis A Virus 171. Rhinovirus 172. Noroviruses and Other Caliciviruses 173. Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses 174. Hepatitis E Virus SECTION B. PRION DISEASES 175. Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) SECTION C. CHLAMYDIAL DISEASES 176. Introduction to Chlamydial Diseases 177. Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Perinatal Infections, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Other Genital Infections) 178. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) 179. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae SECTION D. MYCOPLASMA DISEASES 180. Introduction to Mycoplasma Diseases 181. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia 182. Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum SECTION E. RICKETTSIOSES AND EHRLICHIOSES 183. Introduction to Rickettsioses and Ehrlichioses 184. Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers) 185. Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) 186. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) 187. Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus) 188. Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) 189. Scrub Typhus 190. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophila (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Ehrlichieae SECTION F. BACTERIAL DISEASES 191. Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases 192. Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock) 193. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 194. Classification of Streptococci 195. Streptococcus pyogenes 196. Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis 197. Streptococcus pneumoniae 198. Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus bovis, and Leuconostoc Species 199. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) 200. Viridans Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Gemella morbillorum 201. Streptococcus anginosus Group (or milleri Group or intermedius Group) 202. Corynebacterium diphtheriae 203. Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococcus 204. Listeria monocytogenes 205. Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 206. Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other Than Bacillus anthracis 207. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 208. Neisseria meningitidis 209. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 210. Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and Other Gram-Negative Cocci 211. Vibrio cholerae 212. Other Pathogenic Vibrios 213. Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species 214. Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species 215. Enterobacteriaceae 216. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 217. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia 218. Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei: Melioidosis and Glanders 219. Acinetobacter Species 220. Salmonella Species, Including Salmonella typhi 221. Shigella Species (Bacillary Dysentery) 222. Haemophilus Infections 223. Brucella Species 224. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) 225. Pasteurella Species 226. Yersinia Infections, Including Plague 227. Bordetella Species 228. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever) 229. Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever 230. Other Legionella Species 231. Capnocytophaga 232. Infections Due to Bartonella Species, Including Cat-Scratch Disease 233. Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) 234. Other Gram-Negative Bacilli 235. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 236. Endemic Treponematoses 237. Leptospirosis 238. Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever) 239. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease, Lyme Borreliosis) 240. Spirillum minus (Rat-Bite Fever) 241. Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts 242. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 243. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 244. Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases 245. Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) 246. Anaerobic Cocci 247. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli 248. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 249. Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy, Hansen's Disease) 250. Mycobacterium avium Complex 251. Infections Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 252. Nocardia Species 253. Agents of Actinomycosis SECTION G. MYCOSES 254. Introduction to Mycoses 255. Candida Species 256. Aspergillus Species 257. Agents of Mucormycosis and Related Species 258. Sporothrix schenckii 259. Agents of Chromoblastomycosis 260. Agents of Mycetoma 261. Cryptococcus neoformans 262. Histoplasma capsulatum 263. Blastomyces dermatitidis 264. Coccidioides Species 265. Dermatophytosis and Other Superficial Mycoses 266. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 267. Uncommon Fungi 268. Pneumocystis Species SECTION H. PROTOZOAL DISEASES 269. Introduction to Protozoal Diseases 270. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) 271. Free-Living Amebas 272. Plasmodium Species (Malaria) 273. Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis 274. Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas' Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes 275. Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) 276. Toxoplasma gondii 277. Giardia lamblia 278. Trichomonas vaginalis 279. Babesia Species 280. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Other Species) 281. Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis hominis 282. Microsporidiosis SECTION I. DISEASES DUE TO TOXIC ALGAE 283. Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal Blooms SECTION J. DISEASES DUE TO HELMINTHS 284. Introduction to Helminth Infections 285. Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) 286. Tissue Nematodes. Including Trichinosis, Dracunculiasis, and the Filariases 287. Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Flukes) 288. Cestodes (Tapeworms) 289. Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Unusual Helminth Infections SECTION K. ECTOPARASITIC DISEASES 290. Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases 291. Lice (Pediculosis) 292. Scabies 293. Myiasis and Tungiasis 294. Mites (Including Chiggers) 295. Ticks (Including Tick Paralysis) SECTION L: DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 296. Kawasaki Syndrome PART IV. Special Problems 304. Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings 305. Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections SECTION B. INFECTIONS IN SPECIAL HOSTS 306. Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles 307. Infections in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies 308. Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy for Infection in Cancer Patients 309. Infections in Injection Drug Users 310. Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients 311. Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 312. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 313. Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury 314. Infections in the Elderly 315. Infections in Asplenic Patients SECTION C. SURGICAL- AND TRAUMA-RELATED INFECTIONS 316. Postoperative Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis 317. Burns 318. Bites SECTION D. IMMUNIZATION 319. Immunization SECTION E. BIODEFENSE 320. Bioterrorism: An Overview 321. Plague as an Agent of Bioterrorism 322. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) as an Agent of Bioterrorism 323. Smallpox and Bioterrorism 324. Anthrax 325. Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon 326. Bioterrorism: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers SECTION F. ZOONOSES 327. Zoonoses SECTION G. PROTECTION OF TRAVELERS 328. Protection of Travelers 329. Infections in Returning Travelers SECTION H. THE INTERNET 330. The Infectious Diseases Physician and Digital Resources Index