Non-Destructive Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Introductions and references includinded with most chapters


PART 1 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Planning a non-destructive test programme for reinforced concrete structures; C Maierhofer, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany
Strategies for the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods
Overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods
Qualification/validation of methods
Sources of further information and advice
Non-destructive testing methods for building diagnosis-state of the art and future trends; C Flohrer and U Taketo, HOCHTIEF Construction AG, Germany
Tasks with the building diagnosis
Efficient testing methods
Examples of the application of the testing methods
Future trends
Development of automated non-destructive evaluation (NDE) systems for reinforced concrete structures and other applications; G Dobmann and J H Kurtz, Fraunhofer-IZFP, A Taffe, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and D Streicher, Joint Lab of Fraunhofer & BAM, Germany
The innovation cycles
Data acquisition, control and evaluation of automated multi-sensor systems
Case studies of successful innovations in non-destructive testing (NDT) engineering
Non-destructive testing for construction engineering
Multiple-sensor data acquisition by the OSSCAR scanner
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Structural health monitoring systems for reinforced concrete structures; W R Habel, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany
Demands on monitoring systems: monitoring capabilities
Innovative monitoring methods
Selected examples of effective and innovative monitoring technologies
Reliability aspects for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems and standardization
Future trends
Combining the results of different non-destructive evaluation techniques for reinforced concrete: data fusion; C Maierhofer, C Kohl and K J Woestmann, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany
Combination of non-destructive testing (NDT) and minor destructive testing (MDT) methods
Data fusion
Fusion of radar data
Fusion of radar and ultrasonic data recorded along a beam of a box girder bridge
Fusion of radar and ultrasonic data at a cross beam inside a box girder bridge
Sources of further information and advice
Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgements



PART 2 INDIVIDUAL NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES
Wireless monitoring of reinforced concrete structures; M Krueger, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Basic principles of wireless monitoring
Definition of the monitoring task
Monitoring system design and assembly
Wireless monitoring systems in operation
Application of intelligent wireless monitoring
Conclusions and future trends
Non-destructive testing of concrete with electromagnetic and acoustic-elastic waves: data analysis; K J Sandmeier, Sandmeier scientific software, Germany
Similarities and differences between seismic, ultrasonic and electromagnetic wave propagation and its implications on the data processing
Standard data processing
Sophisticated data processing
Conclusions and future trends
Non-destructive testing of concrete with electromagnetic acoustic-and elastic waves: modelling and imaging; K J Langenberg & K Mayer, University of Kassel, Germany
Electromagnetic and acousto-elastic waves
Numerical wave field modelling for acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic waves
Wave field inversion and imaging: acoustic waves
Wave field inversion: electromagnetic and elastic waves
Conclusions
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; G Wilsch, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and A Molkentin, Specht, Kalleja + Partner GmbH, Germany
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) fundamentals and measurement
Characterization for cement, mortar and concrete
Detection of specific elements: specific testing problems
Limitations and reliability
Acoustic emission (AE) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; C U Grosse, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Basics: parametric and signal-based acoustic emission (AE) analysis
Sensors and instruments
Source localization
Source mechanisms and moment tensor analysis
Applications
Limitations and accuracy
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) for the non-destructive evaluation of prestressed concrete structures; G Sawade, University of Stuttgart and H J Krause, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany
Magnetic method for inspection of reinforced concrete structures
Description of the necessary equipment
Examples from the application of the magnetic method on site
Perspective: recent developments of the magnetic method for inspection of reinforced concrete
Recommendations for the application of the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method
Electrical resistivity for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; J-F Lataste, University of Bordeaux 1, France
Physical principles and theory
Use of electrical resistivity
Other developments
Impedance spectroscopy
Capacimetry for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; X Derobert, LCPC, France
Physical principle and theory
Equipment
Calibration
Data acquisition and interpretation
Applications
Limitations and reliability
Techniques for measuring the corrosion rate (polarization resistance) and the corrosion potential of reinforced concrete structures; C Andrade and I Martinez, Instituto de Ciencias de la Construccion Eduardo Torroja (CSIC), Spain
Principles
Measurement methods
How to interpret the measurements
Practical application
Monitoring systems
Future trends: new techniques
Conclusions
Ground penetrating radar for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; J Hugenschmidt, EMPA, Switzerland
Physical principles and theory
Display formats for ground penetrating radar (GPR) data
Data processing and interpretation
Equipment
Limitations and reliability of ground penetrating radar (GPR)
Current and future trends
Symbols and constants
Radar tomography for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; L Zanzi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Physical principles
Basic equations
Resolution
Equipment
Acquisition procedures
Data pre-processing
Data inversion
Artefacts
Interpretation of results
Examples
Hints on advanced algorithms
Conclusions
Active thermography for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; C Maierhofer ED, M Roellig and J Schlichting, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany
Physical principle and theoretical background
State of the art
Experimental equipment and calibration
Data processing
Areas of applications
Future trends
Guidelines and sources of further information and advice
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; B Wolter, Fraunhofer IZFP, Germany
Physical background
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hardware
Application possibilities
Reliability and limitations
Conclusions and future trends
Stress wave propagation for evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; S Tesfamariam, The University of British Columbia | Okanagan and B Martin-Perez, University of Ottawa, Canada
Stress-wave propagation methods
Applications
Discussion and future trends
Conclusions
Surface wave techniques for the evaluation of concrete structures; J S Popovics, The University of Illinois, USA and O Abraham, LCPC Nantes, France
Basic principles of surface waves propagation
Signal processing and data presentation
Equipment
Field application of surface waves methods
Impact-echo techniques for the evaluation of concrete structures; O Abraham, LCPC Nantes, France and J S Popovics, The University of Illinois, USA
History of the development of the method
Basic principles of the impact echo method
Data interpretation
Numerical simulations
Signal processing, data presentation and imaging
Equipment
Impact-echo method applications
Future trends
Ultrasonic techniques for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures; M Schickert, Institute of Materials Research and Testing (MFPA Weimar) and M Krause, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany
Ultrasonic wave propagation in concrete
Applications and requirements of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation
Transmission methods
Imaging of concrete elements
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice



PART 3 CASE STUDIES
Inspection of concrete retaining walls using ground penetrating radar (GPR): a case study; J Hugenschmidt, EMPA, Switzerland
Problem description
Data acquisition
Data processing
Results
Conclusions
Acoustic emission and impact echo techniques for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures: a case study; M Ohtsu, Kumamoto University, Japan
Applications of acoustic emission (AE) and impact echo (IE) to concrete structures
Case studies
Conclusions and future trends for on-site application
Using ground penetrating radar to assess an eight-span post-tensioned viaduct: a case study; X Derobert, LCPC and B Berenger, LRPC Angers, France
Context
Localisation of post-tensioned ducts
Gamma graphic imaging
Windowing
Evaluation of the structure and reinforcement proposal
Localisation of post-tensioned ducts and coring
Discussion on the applied methodology
Acknowledgements