Music, Health, and Wellbeing
Published on 9. February 2012
Book
Hardback
568 pages
978-0-19-958697-4 (ISBN)
Description
The great saxophonist Charlie Parker once proclaimed "if you don't live it, it won't come out of your horn". This quote has often been used to explain the hedonistic lifestyle of many jazz greats; however, but it also signals the reciprocal and inextricable relationship between music and wider social, cultural and psychological variables. This link is complex and multifaceted and is undoubtedly a central component of why music has been implicated as a therapeutic agent in vast swathes of contemporary research studies. Music is always about more than just acoustic events or notes on a page. Music has a universal and timeless potential to influence how we feel. Yet, only recently, have researchers begun to explore and understand the positive effects that music can have on our wellbeing - across a range of cultures and musical genres. This book brings together research from music psychology, therapy, public health, and medicine, to explore the relationship between music, health and wellbeing.
It presents a range of chapters from internationally recognised experts, resulting in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and pluralistic account of recent advances and applications in both clinical and non-clinical practice and research. Some of the questions explored include: what is the nature of the scientific evidence to support the relationship between music, health and wellbeing? What are the current views from different disciplines on empirical observations and methodological issues concerning the effects of musical interventions on health-related processes? What are the mechanisms which drive these effects and how can they be utilised for building robust theoretical frameworks for future work? For the first time, research from disciplines including neuroscience of music, music therapy, psychophysiology and epidemiology of music, community music and music education is synthesised and presented together to further our understanding of music and health in one single volume, ensuring that closely related strands of research in different disciplines are brought together into a authoritative, comprehensive and robust collection of chapters.
This book is a timely and unique response to an explosion of interest in the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing and will be invaluable resources for students, administrators and researchers in the humanities, social and medical sciences alike.
It presents a range of chapters from internationally recognised experts, resulting in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and pluralistic account of recent advances and applications in both clinical and non-clinical practice and research. Some of the questions explored include: what is the nature of the scientific evidence to support the relationship between music, health and wellbeing? What are the current views from different disciplines on empirical observations and methodological issues concerning the effects of musical interventions on health-related processes? What are the mechanisms which drive these effects and how can they be utilised for building robust theoretical frameworks for future work? For the first time, research from disciplines including neuroscience of music, music therapy, psychophysiology and epidemiology of music, community music and music education is synthesised and presented together to further our understanding of music and health in one single volume, ensuring that closely related strands of research in different disciplines are brought together into a authoritative, comprehensive and robust collection of chapters.
This book is a timely and unique response to an explosion of interest in the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing and will be invaluable resources for students, administrators and researchers in the humanities, social and medical sciences alike.
Reviews / Votes
I really enjoyed this book as an opportunity to learn more about a field that is almost entirely unknown to me. If the book is anything to go by, the future of research into the interplay between music, health and wellbeing promises to be very interesting indeed. Counselling Resource, Feb 2013 This book should be of general interest to all psychologists and, specifically, to music therapists and those with an interest in behavioral medicine. This volume is a useful compendium of a vast and diverse body of international research that is beginning to identify the mechanisms by which music has a profound effect on cognitive and emotional states.,, it contains many fascinating ideas. PsycCRITIQUES probably the most all-embracing collection of theory and evidence linking music, health and wellbeing currently available. For students and researchers in social and psychological sciences, as well as those in music education and therapy, it's nothing less than a symphonic extravaganza. Public Health Today, March 2013More details
Language
English
Place of publication
Oxford
United Kingdom
Target group
Students and researchers in music psychology, music therapy, community music and music education - also social, developmental, clinical, health and educational psychology.
Illustrations
Illustrations, music
Dimensions
Height: 246 mm
Width: 171 mm
Thickness: 36 mm
Weight
1121 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-19-958697-4 (9780199586974)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Raymond MacDonald | Gunter Kreutz | Laura Mitchell
Music, Health, and Wellbeing
Book
05/2013
Oxford University Press
€70.40
Shipment within 15-20 days
Edited By Raymond A.R. Macdonald | Gunter Kreutz | Laura Mitchell
Music, Health, and Wellbeing
E-Book
02/2012
1st Edition
Oxford University Press
€72.42
Available for download
Persons
Raymond MacDonald is Professor of Music Psychology and Improvisation at Glasgow Caledonian University. After completing his PhD at the University of Glasgow, investigating therapeutic applications of music, he worked as Artistic Director for a music company, Sounds of Progress, specialising in working with people who have special needs. His ongoing research focuses on issues relating to improvisation, musical communication, music therapy, music education and musical identities. He has co-edited three texts with Dorothy Miell and David Hargreaves, Musical Identities (2002) and Musical Communication (2005) and Musical Imaginations (in press). He is currently Editor of the journal Psychology of Music and Associate Editor for The International Journal of Music Education, Jazz Research Journal and Research Studies in Music Education. As a composer and saxophonist he has recorded over 50 CDs and has toured and broadcast worldwide.
Professor Kreutz is a trained musicologist with strong interest in how humans respond to music and vice versa, how music influences human cognition, emotion, and behaviour. He has published numerous articles, book chapters and co-edited three books. His contributions span different areas of music psychology with some emphasis on emotion, health, and wellbeing. His research has been supported by grants from institutions and societies including the German Research Council (DFG), British Academy and Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). He is member of the Scientific Committee of the Society für Music in Medicine.
Laura Mitchell is a health psychologist specialising in the use of music in self-regulation of health, emotions and wellbeing, with particular interest in music as part of pain management. Following completion of her PhD funded by the Scottish Network for Chronic Pain Research, she has held positions as Reader at Glasgow Caledonian University in the UK and Visiting Professor at McGill University in Canada, with her research funded by the British Pain Society and Wingate Scholarships. Her current position is part of the psychological health and wellbeing research group at Bishop's University in Quebec.
Contributors:
Gary Ansdell, Nordoff Robbins, 2 Lissenden Gardens, London, NW5 1PQ
Eckart Altenmüller, Institute of Music physiology and Musicians' Medecine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1 D-30175 Hannover, Germany
Günther Bernatzky, Department of Organismic Biology, Neurosignaling Unit, University of Salzburg, Germany.
Lars Ole Bonde, Institute for Communication, Aalborg University Kroghstræde 6, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Stephan Bongard, Department of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Kettenhofweg 128D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany.
Stephen Clift, Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health, Canterbury Christ Church University, Mill Bay, Folkestone, Kent, CT20 1JG, UK
Eugenia Costa-Giomi, School of Music, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station E3100, Austin TX, USA
Jane Davidson, School of Music, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
Norma Daykin, Department of Health and Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol, BS16 1DD, UK
Régine Debrosse, Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
Tia DeNora, Department of Sociology & Philosophy, HuSS Exeter University EX4 4RJ, UK
David J. Elliott, Department of Music & Performing Arts Professions, New York University, 35 W. 4th St. New York, NY 1003, USA
Andrea Emberly, School of Music, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
Paul Flowers, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
Patrick Gaudreau, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
Heiner Gembris, Institute for Research on Music Ability, University of Paderborn, Pohlweg 85, D-33100 Paderborn, Germany
Jane Ginsborg, Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music, 124 Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9RD, UK
Susan Hallam, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK
David Hargreaves, Applied Music Research Centre, Roehampton University, Southlands College, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
N. Terry Hartig, Department of Psychology, Uppsala Universit, Box 1225, SE - 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
Patrik Juslin, Department of Psychology, Uppsala Universit, Box 1225, SE - 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
Vicky Karkou, School of Occupational Therapy and Arts Therapies, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK
Stefan Koelsch, Cluster Languages of Emotion, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Werner Kullich, Ludwig Boltzmann Institut, Cluster for Rheumatology, Balneology and Rehabilitation, Thorerstr. 26,5760 Saalfelden, Austria
Laurence J. Kirmayer, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
Gunter Kreutz, Department of Music, School of Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
A. Blythe LaGasse, 306-B University Center for the Arts, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Alexandra Lamont, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K
Raymond MacDonald, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 OBA
Kyproulla Markou, Department of Education, Southlands College, Roehampton University, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
Dave Miranda, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 4333 Côte Ste Catherine Rd., room 232, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E4, Canada
Laura Mitchell, Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, 2600 College, Sherbrooke QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
Julien Morizot, School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
Michael Murray, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
Adrian North, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
Adam Ockelford, Department of Education, Southlands College, Roehampton University, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
Mercédès Pavlicevic, Nordoff Robbins, 2 Lissenden Gardens, London, NW5 1PQ
Maria Pothoulaki, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 OBA
Michaela Presch, Department of Organismic Biology, Neurosignaling Unit, University of Salzburg, Germany.
Cynthia Quiroga Murcia, Institute of Psychology Educational Psychology
Goethe-University Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 31 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Even Ruud, Department of musicology, University of Oslo, Box 1017 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
Suvi Saarikallio, Department of Music, P.O Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
E. Glenn Schellenberg, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd N., Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
Gottfried Schlaug, Department of Neurology, Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
Claudia Spahn, Freiburg Institute for Musicians' Medicine, University of Music Freiburg and University Clinic Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 60 , D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
Ralph Spintge, Institute for Music Therapy, University for Music and Drama HfMT Hamburg, Sportklinik Hellersen, Paulmannshöherstr. 17, D- 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
Thomas Stegemann , Department of Music Therapy; University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Rennweg 8, A-1030 Wien, Austria
Brynjulf Stige, The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Pb 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Simon Strickner, Lichtenbergstrasse 3, A- 5760, Saalfelden, Austria
Michael Thault, Centre for Biomedical Research in Music, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Töres Theorell, Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Frescati Hagväg 16A, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
Gro Trondalen, Norwegian Academy of Music, Postbox 5190, Majorstua, N-0302 Oslo, Norway
Franz Wendtner, Department of Oncology, Privat Paracelsus University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Daniel Västfjäll University of Gothenburg, Department of Psychology, PO Box 500, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Tony Wigram, Institute for Communication, Aalborg University Kroghstræde 6, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Aaron Williamon, Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BS, UK
Professor Kreutz is a trained musicologist with strong interest in how humans respond to music and vice versa, how music influences human cognition, emotion, and behaviour. He has published numerous articles, book chapters and co-edited three books. His contributions span different areas of music psychology with some emphasis on emotion, health, and wellbeing. His research has been supported by grants from institutions and societies including the German Research Council (DFG), British Academy and Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). He is member of the Scientific Committee of the Society für Music in Medicine.
Laura Mitchell is a health psychologist specialising in the use of music in self-regulation of health, emotions and wellbeing, with particular interest in music as part of pain management. Following completion of her PhD funded by the Scottish Network for Chronic Pain Research, she has held positions as Reader at Glasgow Caledonian University in the UK and Visiting Professor at McGill University in Canada, with her research funded by the British Pain Society and Wingate Scholarships. Her current position is part of the psychological health and wellbeing research group at Bishop's University in Quebec.
Contributors:
Gary Ansdell, Nordoff Robbins, 2 Lissenden Gardens, London, NW5 1PQ
Eckart Altenmüller, Institute of Music physiology and Musicians' Medecine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1 D-30175 Hannover, Germany
Günther Bernatzky, Department of Organismic Biology, Neurosignaling Unit, University of Salzburg, Germany.
Lars Ole Bonde, Institute for Communication, Aalborg University Kroghstræde 6, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Stephan Bongard, Department of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Kettenhofweg 128D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany.
Stephen Clift, Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health, Canterbury Christ Church University, Mill Bay, Folkestone, Kent, CT20 1JG, UK
Eugenia Costa-Giomi, School of Music, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station E3100, Austin TX, USA
Jane Davidson, School of Music, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
Norma Daykin, Department of Health and Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Bristol, BS16 1DD, UK
Régine Debrosse, Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
Tia DeNora, Department of Sociology & Philosophy, HuSS Exeter University EX4 4RJ, UK
David J. Elliott, Department of Music & Performing Arts Professions, New York University, 35 W. 4th St. New York, NY 1003, USA
Andrea Emberly, School of Music, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
Paul Flowers, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
Patrick Gaudreau, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 200 Lees, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
Heiner Gembris, Institute for Research on Music Ability, University of Paderborn, Pohlweg 85, D-33100 Paderborn, Germany
Jane Ginsborg, Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music, 124 Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9RD, UK
Susan Hallam, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK
David Hargreaves, Applied Music Research Centre, Roehampton University, Southlands College, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
N. Terry Hartig, Department of Psychology, Uppsala Universit, Box 1225, SE - 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
Patrik Juslin, Department of Psychology, Uppsala Universit, Box 1225, SE - 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
Vicky Karkou, School of Occupational Therapy and Arts Therapies, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK
Stefan Koelsch, Cluster Languages of Emotion, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Werner Kullich, Ludwig Boltzmann Institut, Cluster for Rheumatology, Balneology and Rehabilitation, Thorerstr. 26,5760 Saalfelden, Austria
Laurence J. Kirmayer, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
Gunter Kreutz, Department of Music, School of Linguistics and Cultural Studies, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
A. Blythe LaGasse, 306-B University Center for the Arts, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Alexandra Lamont, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K
Raymond MacDonald, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 OBA
Kyproulla Markou, Department of Education, Southlands College, Roehampton University, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
Dave Miranda, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, 4333 Côte Ste Catherine Rd., room 232, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E4, Canada
Laura Mitchell, Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, 2600 College, Sherbrooke QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
Julien Morizot, School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
Michael Murray, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K.
Adrian North, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
Adam Ockelford, Department of Education, Southlands College, Roehampton University, Roehampton Lane, London SW15 5SL, UK
Mercédès Pavlicevic, Nordoff Robbins, 2 Lissenden Gardens, London, NW5 1PQ
Maria Pothoulaki, Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 OBA
Michaela Presch, Department of Organismic Biology, Neurosignaling Unit, University of Salzburg, Germany.
Cynthia Quiroga Murcia, Institute of Psychology Educational Psychology
Goethe-University Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 31 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Even Ruud, Department of musicology, University of Oslo, Box 1017 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
Suvi Saarikallio, Department of Music, P.O Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
E. Glenn Schellenberg, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd N., Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
Gottfried Schlaug, Department of Neurology, Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
Claudia Spahn, Freiburg Institute for Musicians' Medicine, University of Music Freiburg and University Clinic Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 60 , D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
Ralph Spintge, Institute for Music Therapy, University for Music and Drama HfMT Hamburg, Sportklinik Hellersen, Paulmannshöherstr. 17, D- 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
Thomas Stegemann , Department of Music Therapy; University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Rennweg 8, A-1030 Wien, Austria
Brynjulf Stige, The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Pb 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Simon Strickner, Lichtenbergstrasse 3, A- 5760, Saalfelden, Austria
Michael Thault, Centre for Biomedical Research in Music, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Töres Theorell, Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Frescati Hagväg 16A, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
Gro Trondalen, Norwegian Academy of Music, Postbox 5190, Majorstua, N-0302 Oslo, Norway
Franz Wendtner, Department of Oncology, Privat Paracelsus University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Daniel Västfjäll University of Gothenburg, Department of Psychology, PO Box 500, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Tony Wigram, Institute for Communication, Aalborg University Kroghstræde 6, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Aaron Williamon, Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BS, UK
Content
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ; 1. What is Music Health and Wellbeing and why is it important ; 2. Music, Brain and Health: Exploring Biological Foundations of Music's Health Effect ; 3. Why Music Matters: Philosophical and Cultural Foundation ; 4. Music Therapy: model and interventions ; SECTION 2: COMMUNITY MUSIC AND PUBLIC HEALTH ; 5. Developing social models for research and practice in music, arts and health: a case study of research in a mental health setting ; 6. Community music and social/health psychology: linking theoretical and practical concerns ; 7. The new Heaths Musicians ; 8. Musical Flourishing: Community Music Therapy, Controversy and the Cultivation of Wellbeing ; 9. Singing, Wellbeing and Health ; 10. Dance and Health: Exploring interactions and implications ; 11. Embodied Musical Communication Across Cultures: Singing and dancing for quality of life and wellbeing benefit ; SECTION 3 CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS ; 12. Music and Rehabilitation: Neurological Approaches ; 13. The religion of Evidence-based practice: Helpful or harmful to health and well-being? ; 14. Health Musicking - A Perspective on Music and Health as Action and Performance ; 15. Between Beats: group music therapy transforming people and places ; 16. Aspects of Theory and Practice in Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) in the UK: Similarities and Differences from Music Therapy ; 17. Music and Pain: Evidence from Experimental Perspectives ; 18. The use of music to aid recovery from chronic illness: evidence and arguments ; 19. Music as non-pharmacological pain management in clinics ; 20. Clinical Uses of Music in Operating Theatres ; SECTION 4 EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS ; 21. Songs without words: Exploring how music can serve as a proxy language in social interaction with autistic children ; 22. Cognitive performance after listening to music: A review of the Mozart effect ; 23. Music instruction and children's intellectual development: The educational context of music participation ; 24. Health Promotions in Higher Music Education ; 25. Music Making as Lifelong Development and Resource for Health ; 26. Music education and therapy for children and young people with cognitive impairments: reporting on a decade of research ; SECTION 5: EVERYDAY USES ; 27. Music, Subjective Well-being, and Health: The Role of Everyday Emotions ; 28. Epidemiological studies of the relationship between musical experiences and public health ; 29. The brain and positive biological effects in healthy and clinical populations ; 30. Psychoneuroendocrine research on music: An overview ; 31. Cross Cultural Approaches to Music and Health ; 32. The Effects of Background Music on Health and Wellbeing ; 33. North Pop Music Subcultures and Well-Being ; 34. Music Listening and Mental Health: Variations on Internalizing Psychopathology