Liquid Crystal Displays

Foreword Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition About the Author 1 Introduction 2 Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells 2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals 3 Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light 3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 4 Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells 4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour 5 Descriptions of Polarization 5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization 5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media 5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light 6 Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media 6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light 6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells 6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle 6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV 6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output 6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils 7 Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) 7.2 Guest-Host Displays 8 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs) 8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 9 Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays 9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices 9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs 10 Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays 11 Direct Addressing 12 Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays 12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko 12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing 12.3 Multiple Line Addressing 12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs 13 Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays 13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs 13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 14 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs) 14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors 14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD 14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs 14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs 14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs 14.6 The Entire Addressing System 14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches 14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs 14.9 Addressing of VA Displays 14.10 Motion Blur 14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell 14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform 15 Addressing of LCDs with Poly Si-TFTs 15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top-Gate and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs 15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal 15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs 15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression 15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs 16 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays 16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing 16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS 16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology 17 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches 18 Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques 19 Components of LCD Cells 19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters 19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters 19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays 19.4 LED Backlights 19.5 Cell Assembly 20 Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves 20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems 20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves 20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves 20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves 20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves 21 Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates 21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates 21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties 21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates 21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics 21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at low Process Temperatures 22 Printing of Layers for LC-Cells 22.1 Printing Technologies 22.2 Surface Properties for Printing 22.3 Printing of Components for Displays 22.4 Cell Building by Lamination Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light References Index