Spermatology

1 Andrological Terminology.- 2 Ejaculate Analysis (Spermiograms).- 2.1 The Ejaculate: Composition and Transport.- 2.2 Ejaculate Collection and Sexual Abstinence.- 2.3 Collecting the Ejaculate.- 2.4 Transport to the Laboratory for Analysis.- 2.5 Spht Ejaculates.- 2.6 Macroscopic Examination of Ejaculates.- 2.6.1 Color.- 2.6.2 Odor.- 2.6.3 Viscosity.- 2.6.4 Liquefaction.- 2.6.5 Volume.- 2.6.6 pH.- 2.7 Microscopic Examination of Ejaculates.- 2.7.1 Spermatozoal Motihty.- 2.7.1.1 Determining Motility by the Estimation Method.- 2.7.1.2 Objective Methods of Determining Motihty.- 2.7.1.2.1 Multiple-Exposure Photography (MEP) in a Makler Chamber.- 2.7.1.2.2 Laser-Doppler Spectroscopy (Lazymot).- 2.7.2 Number and Density of Spermatozoa.- 2.7.2.1 Determining Spermatozoal Density in Hemocytometers..- 2.7.2.1.1 Neubauer Counting Chamber.- 2.7.2.1.2 Thoma-ZeiB Counting Chamber.- 2.7.2.2 Determining Spermatozoal Density in a Makler Chamber...- 2.7.2.3 Determining Spermatozoal Density Using Electronic Counters.- 2.7.2.4 Evaluation of Spermatozoal Density.- 2.7.3 Morphology.- 2.7.3.1 Staining.- 2.7.3.1.1 Papanicolaou's Stain.- 2.7.3.1.2 May-Griinwald-Giemsa Staining.- 2.7.3.1.3 Peroxidase Reaction.- 2.7.3.1.4 Rapid Differentiation Using Testsimplets.- 2.7.3.1.5 Staining Using Hemafix.- 2.7.3.2 Specific Morphology.- 2.7.3.2.1 Morphological Differentiation of Ejaculate Smears.- 2.7.3.2.2 Technique for the Morphological Differentiation of Ejaculate Smears.- A The Spermatozoa (Fig. 43 a-53 f).- A 1 The Hormonally Mature Spermatozoon (Fig. 43).- A 2 Immature Spermatozoa = Late Spermatid Stages (Fig. 44 a-e)..- A 3 Immature, Pathological Forms of Spermatozoa = Late Spermatid Stages (Fig. 45 a-g).- A 4 Pathological Forms of Spermatozoa with Abnormahties of the Head and Head/Neck Junction (= Bent Flagellum) (Fig. 46a-e).- A 5 Megalocephahc Spermatozoa with Amorphous Heads (Megalocephalic Abnormahty 1) (Fig. 47a-f).- A 6 Megalocephahc, Nonamorphous Forms of Spermatozoa (Megalocephalic Abnormality 2) (Fig. 48a-f).- A 7 Pseudomegalocephalic Forms of Spermatozoa (Megalocephalic Abnormality 3 = Pseudomegalocephaly) (Fig.49a-e).- A 8 Microcephalic Spermatozoa (Microcephahc Abnormality) (Fig. 50a-e).- A 9 Atypical Head Shapes (Fig. 51 a-k).- A 10 Abnormahties of the Nucleus and Acrosomal Malformations (Fig. 52a-d).- A 11 Spermatozoa with Deformities of the Tail (Flagellum) (Fig. 53a-0.- B Cells from the Germinal Epithelium of the Seminiferous Tubules.- B 1 Spermatogonia (Fig. 54 a, b).- B 2 Spermatocytes (Fig. 55 a-1).- B 3 Spermatids (Fig. 56 a-c).- B 4 Pathologically Altered Forms of Germinal Epithehal Cells (Fig. 57a-f).- B 5 Degenerating Giant Cell Forms with Advancing Expulsion of the Nucleus (Fig. 58 a-g).- C Leukocytes and Macrophages (Fig. 59 a-1).- D Phagocytosis of Spermatozoa by Macrophages (Spermatophagia) (Fig. 60a-0.- E Peroxidase Reaction of Peroxidase-Positive Polymorphocellular Leukocytes (Fig. 61 a-e).- F Various Types of Urinary Tract Cells (Fig. 62 a-g).- G Smear Staining Using Testsimplets (Fig. 63 a, b).- H Smear Staining Using Hemafix (Fig. 64).- I Scanning Electron Micrographs of Various Forms of Spermatozoa (Figs. 65-76).- 2.7.4 Vitality.- 2.7.5 MAR Test (Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction Test).- 2.7.5.1 Principle of the MAR Test.- 2.7.5.2 Performing the MAR Test.- 2.8 Fructose.- 2.8.1 Determining Fructose in Seminal Plasma.- 2.8.2 Procedure.- 3 Penetration and Fertilization Tests In Vivo and In Vitro (Wolf-Hartmut Weiske and Fred Maleika).- 3.1 "Dynamic" Parameters in the Spermiogram.- 3.1.1 Sperm Washing and Swim-up Method.- 3.2 Penetration Tests.- 3.2.1 The Postcoital Test (Sims-Huhner Test).- 3.2.1.1 Evaluating the Postcoital Test.- 3.2.2 The Slide Test (Kurzrock-Miller Test).- 3.2.2.1 Evaluating the Slide Test (Kurzrock-Miller Test).- 3.2.3 The Sperm-Cervical Mucus Contact Test (SCMC Test) of Kremer and Jager.- 3.2.3.1 Evaluating the SCMC Test.- 3.2.4 The Kremer Test.- 3.2.4.1 Evaluating the Kremer Test.- 3.2.5 The Bovine Mucus Penetration Test (BMP Test) (Penetrak Test).- 3.2.5.1 Performing the Penetrak Test.- 3.2.5.2 Evaluating the Penetrak Test.- 3.2.6 The Peritoneal Sperm Migration Test (PSM Test).- 3.3 Tests of Membrane Stability.- 3.3.1 The Hypoosmotic Swelling Test (HOS Test).- 3.3.2 Freezability of Spermatozoa.- 3.4 Hamster Oocyte Penetration Test (HOP Test = Heterologous Ovum Penetration Test).- 3.5 Human In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).- 4 The Steps in Ejaculate Analysis in Chronological Order.- 5 Conclusion.- References.