Sunscreens: Development: Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects

Introduction

Evolution of Modern Sunscreen Chemicals, Nadim A. Shaath
Sunscreens: Rationale for Use to Reduce Photodamage and Phototoxicity, Nicholas J. Lowe and Josia Friedlander
Photoprotection Against Harmful Effects of Solar UVB and UVA Radiation: An Update, Madhu A. Pathak Photobiological Aspects
Biological Effects of Sunlight, John H. Epstein
Exposure to Low Levels of Ultraviolet Light B or Ultraviolet Light A Induces Cutaneous Photodamage in Human Skin, David P. Meyers, Nicholas J. Lowe, and Ian R. Scott
Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging, Lorraine H. Kligman and Albert M. Kligman
Antioxidants and Carotenoids as Potential Photoprotectants, Homer S. Black and Betty Rajan
Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Protection in Photodermatology, Douglas Darr and Sheldon R. Pinnell
Dosimetry of Ultraviolet Radiation, Brian L. Diffey
Reduction of Actinic Keratoses by Sunscreens, Robin Marks

Regulatory Aspects

Regulatory Aspects of Sunscreens in the United States, Emalee G. Murphy
Regulatory Aspects of Sunscreens in Europe, Angela Janousek
The Sunscreen Industry in Australia: Past, Present, and Future, Gordon A. Groves
The Sunscreen Industry in Japan: Past, Present, and Future, Minoru Fukuda and Masako Naganuma

Sunscreen Ingredients and Formulations

The Chemistry of Sunscreens, Nadim A. Shaath
Sunscreen Products: Formulation and Regulatory Considerations, Kenneth Klein
Particulate Sun Blocks: General Principles, David Fairhurst and Mark Mitchnick
Broad Spectrum Physical Sunscreens: Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide, Michael W. Anderson, Julia P. Hewitt, and Stephen R. Spruce
Photoprotection of Hair: A Review, Arthur C. W. Gerorgalas
Melanins, Miles R. Chedekel and Lisa Zeise
Sunscreens and Hair, Sergio Nacht
5-Methoxypsoralen-Containing Sunscreens, Antony R. Young
Tanning Accelerators, James M. Wilmott, Michele C. Duggan, and Alexander P. Znaiden

Biological Evaluation of Sunscreen Products

Sun Protection Factor Determination in the United States, Molly E. Griffin, Teresa D. Bourget, and Nicholas J. Lowe
European Guidelines (COLIPA) for Evaluation of Sun Protection Factors, Jack Ferguson
Ultraviolet A Claims and Testing Procedures for OTC Sunscreens: A Summary and Review, Nicholas J. Lowe
An Evaluation of Methods for a Measuring Sunscreen Ultraviolet A Protection Factors, Joseph W. Stanfield, Susan H. Edmonds, and Patricia P. Agin
Persistent Pigment-Darkening Response as a Method for Evaluation of Ultraviolet A Protection Assays, Alain Chardon, Dominique Moyal, and C. Hourseau
Sunscreens: Effects of Amounts of Application of Sun Protection Factors, Annette Gottleib, Teresa D. Bourget, and Nicholas J. Lowe
Indices of Protection from In Vitro Assay of Sunscreens, Brian L. Diffey
Noninvasive In Vivo Determination of Sunscreen Ultraviolet A Protection Factors Using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Robert Gillies and Nikiforos
Polymorphous Light Eruption: Its Reproduction and Prevention by Sunscreens, Dominique Moyal and O. Binet
Ultraviolet Protection Offered by Clothing: An In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Clothing Fabrics, Nicholas J. Lowe, Teresa D. Bourget, Shaun Hughes, and Robert M. Sayre
Contact Sensitization and Photocontact Sensitization of Sunscreening Agents, Jens O. Funk, Sydney H. Dromgoole, and Howard I. Maibach

Chemical Evaluation of Sunscreen Products

Quality Control of Sunscreens, Nadim A. Shaath
Modern Analytical Techniques in the Sunscreen Industry, Nadim A. Shaath, Peter M. Griffin, and Gideon I. Andemicael
Interpretation and Evaluation: Spectroscopic Data from Sunscreens, Nadim A. Shaath, Peter M. Griffin, Gideon I. Andemicael, and Lisa Paloympis