Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

PART I Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases SECTION A. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1. Perspectives on Emergence and Control of Infectious Diseases Worldwide 2. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health 3. Pediatric Infection Control 4. Infectious Diseases Associated with Out-of-Home Childcare 5. Infectious Diseases in Immigrant and Internationally Adopted Children SECTION B. PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 6. Passive Immunization 7. Active Immunization 8. Chemoprophylaxis 9. Protection of Travelers 10. Human Milk and Infectious Diseases PART II Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management SECTION A. FEVER, BACTEREMIA, AND SEPTICEMIA 11. Genesis of Fever and the Inflammatory Response 12. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Septic Shock 13. Toxic Shock Syndrome SECTION B. CARDINAL SYMPTOM COMPLEXES 14. Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes 15. Fever without Localizing Signs 16. Fever of Unknown Origin and Periodic Fever 17. Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy 18. Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes 19. Abdominal Symptom Complexes 20. Neurologic Symptom Complexes 21. Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes SECTION C. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ORAL INFECTIONS 22. Infections of the Oral Cavity 23. Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections 24. The Common Cold 25. Pharyngitis 26. Supraglottic Infections 27. Otitis Media 28. Otitis Externa and Malignant Otitis Externa 29. Mastoiditis 30. Sinusitis 31. Laryngeal and Subglottic Infections SECTION D. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS 32. Bronchiolitis 33. Acute Uncomplicated Pneumonia 34. Complications of Acute Pneumonia 35. Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia 36. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host 37. Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy SECTION E. CARDIAC AND VASCULAR INFECTIONS 38. Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections 39. Myocarditis 40. Pericarditis SECTION F. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 41. Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period 42. Chronic Meningitis 43. Recurrent Meningitis 44. Aseptic and Viral Meningitis 45. Encephalitis, Meningoencephalitis, and Postinfectious Encephalomyelitis 46. Cerebellar Ataxia, Transverse Myelitis and Myelopathy, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Neuritis, and Neuropathy 47. Focal Suppurative Infections of the Central Nervous System 48. Eosinophilic Meningitis 49. Spongiform Encephalopathies: Slow Infections of the Nervous System 50. Reye Syndrome SECTION G. GENITOURINARY TRACT INFECTIONS KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT 51. Urinary Tract InfectionsDowns, 52. Renal (Intrarenal and Perinephric) Abscess REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND GENITAL TRACT 53. Sexually Transmitted Disease Syndromes 54. Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy 55. Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis 56. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 57. Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis 58. Infectious Diseases of Child Abuse SECTION H. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INFECTIONS AND INTOXICATIONS 59. Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections 60. Viral Gastroenteritis 61. Inflammatory Enteritis 62. Milk Intolerance, Eosinophilic Enteritis, and Chronic Diarrhea 63. Necrotizing Enterocolitis 64. Foodborne and Waterborne Disease SECTION I. INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS 65. Acute Hepatitis 66. Chronic Hepatitis 67. Granulomatous Hepatitis 68. Acute Pancreatitis 69. Cholecystitis and Cholangitis 70. Peritonitis 71. Appendicitis and Mesenteric Lymphadenitis 72. Intra-Abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses 73. Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy SECTION J. SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS 74. Cellulitis and Superficial Skin Infections 75. Erythematous Macules and Papules 76. Vesicles and Bullae 77. Purpura 78. Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme 79. Papules, Nodules, and Ulcers 80. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses 81. Myositis and Pyomyositis 82. Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis SECTION K. BONE AND JOINT INFECTION 83. Osteomyelitis 84. Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis 85. Diskitis 86. Transient Synovitis SECTION L. EYE INFECTIONS 87. Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia Neonatorum 88. Conjunctivitis Beyond the Neonatal Period 89. Infective Keratitis 90. Uveitis and Chorioretinitis 91. Endophthalmitis 92. Periorbital and Orbital Infections SECTION M. INFECTIONS RELATED TO TRAUMA 93. Infection Following Trauma 94. Infection Following Burns 95. Infection Following Bites SECTION N. INFECTIONS OF THE FETUS AND NEWBORN 96. Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection 97. Clinical Approach to the Infected Neonate 98. Bacterial Infections in the Neonate 99. Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate 100. Nosocomial Infections in the Neonate SECTION O. INFECTIONS AND TRANSPLANTATION 101. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 102. Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients SECTION P. INFECTIONS AND CANCER 103. Fever and Granulocytopenia 104. Infections in Children with Cancer SECTION Q. INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HOSPITALIZATION 105. Clinical Syndromes of Hospital-Associated SECTION R. INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICAL DEVICES 106. Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections SECTION S. INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH DEFICIENT DEFENSES 107. Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Immunodeficiency 108. Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency 109. Infectious Complications of Complement Deficiencies 110. Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes 111. Infectious Complications of Cell-Mediated Immunity: Primary Immunodeficiencies 112. Infectious Complications in Special Hosts SECTION T. HUMAN IMMUNODIFICIENCY VIRUS AND THE ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME 113. Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents 114. Immunopathogenesis of HIV-l Infection 115. Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection 116. Infectious Complications of HIV Infection 117. Detection of HIV-l Infection. 118. Management of HIV Infection 119. Prevention of HIV Infection 120. HIV in the Health Care Setting Part III Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases SECTION A. BACTERIA 121. Classification of Bacteria GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI 122. Staphylococcus aureus 123. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 124. Classification of Streptococci 125. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus 126. Nonsuppurative Post-Streptococcal Diseases: Rheumatic Fever and Acute Glomerulonephritis 127. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus 128. Enterococcus Species 129. Viridans Streptococci, Streptococcus bovis, and Abiotrophia Species 130. Groups C and G Streptococci 131. Streptococcus pneumoniae 132. Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostocs and Pediococci GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI 133. Neisseria meningitidis 134. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 135. Other Neisseria Species 136. Moraxella catarrhalis GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI 137. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 138. Bacillus Species (Anthrax 139. Corynebacterium diphtheriae 140. Other Corynebacteria 141. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 142. Gardnerella vaginalis 143. Listeria monocytogenes 144. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli 145. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 146. Non Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Species 147. Nocardia Species Enterrobacteriaceae: Gram Negative Bacilli 148. Citrobacter Species 149. Edwardsiella tarda 150. Enterobacter and Pantoea SpeciesMarcon 151. Escherichia coli 152. Klebsiella Species 153. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species 154. Serratia Species 155. Salmonella Species 156. Shigella Species 157. Yersinia Species 158. Less Common Enterobacteriaceae NONENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI 159. Acinetobacter Species 160. Aeromonas Species 161. Less Common Nonenterobacteriaceae 162. Eikenella corrodens J. Marcon 163. Flavobacteriaceae 164. Moraxella and Psychrobacter Species 165. Pasteurella Species 166. Plesiomonas shigelloides Cleary 167. Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms 168. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 169. Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species 170. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 171. Vibrio cholerae(CholeraTauxe) 172. Other Vibrio Species 173. Other Nonenterobacteriaceae GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI 174. Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease, Bacillary Angiomatosis, Bacillary Peliosis) 175. Brucella Species (Brucellosis) 176. Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Species 177. Calymmatobacterium granulomatsis (Granuloma Inguinale 178. Campylobacter jejuni 179. Other Campylobacter Species 180. Capnocytophaga Species 181. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae 182. Chlamydia trachomatis 183. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) 184. Coxiella burnetti (Q Fever) 185. Ehrlichia Species (the Ehrlichioses) 186. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) 187. Haemophilus influenzae 188. Other Haemophilus Species 189. Helicobacter pylori 190. Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species 191. Kingella Species 192. Legionella Species 193. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) 194. Other Rickettsia Species 195. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever 196. Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli TREPONEMATACEAE (SPIRAL ORGANISMS) 197. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 198. Other Treponema Species 199. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) 200. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) 201. Other Treponema Species: Borelia Species and Spirillum minus ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 202. Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Flora, and Clinical Concepts 203. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus 204. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 205. Clostridium difficile 206. Other Clostridium Species 207. Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli 208. Fusobacterium Species 209. Anaerobic Cocci 210. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli (Actinomycosis) MYCOPLASMA 211. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 212. Other Mycoplasma Species 213. Ureaplasma urealyticum DISEASES OF POSSIBLE INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 214. Kawasaki Disease 215. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome SECTION B. VIRUSES 216. Classification of Viruses DNA VIRUSES Poxviridae 217. Poxviridae (Molluscum ContagiosumHerpesviridae 218. Introduction to Herpesviridae 219. Herpes Simplex Virus 220. Varicella-Zoster Virus 221. Cytomegalovirus 222. Epstein-Barr Virus (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders 223. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum 224. Human Herpesvirus 8 Adenoviridae 225. Adenoviruses Papovaviridae 226. Human Papillomaviruses 227. Human Polyomaviruses Hepadnaviridae 228. Hepatitis B Virus 229. Hepatitis Delta Virus Parvoviridae 230. Human Parvovirus B19 RNA VIRUSES Reoviridae 231. Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever) 232. RotavirusesTogaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae 233. Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae 234. Hepatitis C Virus 235. Rubella Virus Coronaviridae 236. Human CoronavirusesParamyxoviridae 237. Parainfluenza Viruses 238. Mumps Virus 239. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 240. Rubeola Virus (Measles and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Rhabdoviridae 241. Rabies Virus Orthomyxoviridae 242. Influenza Viruses Filoviridae 243. Ebola and Marburg Viruses Arenaviridae 244. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Fever, and New World Arenaviruses Retroviridae 245. Introduction to Retroviridae 246. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses 247. Lentiviruses: Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Picornaviridae 248. Introduction to Picornaviridae 249. Polioviruses 250. Enteroviruses: Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses 251. Hepatitis A Virus 252. Rhinoviruses Hendley Caliciviridae 253. Caliciviruses 254. Astroviruses 255. Hepatitis E Virus and Other Newly Identified Viruses SECTION C. FUNGI 256. Classification of Fungi 257. Candida Species 258. Aspergillus Species 259. Fusarium and Alternaria Species 260. Zygomycetes (Mucormycosis 261. Malassezia Species 262. Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis 263. Cryptococcus neoformans 264. Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis 265. Pneumocystis carinii 266. Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis). 267. Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis 268. Dermatophytes and Other Superficial Fungi 269. Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Pseudallescheria boydii SECTION D. HUMAN PARASITES AND VECTORS PROTOZOA 271. Babesia Species (Babesiosis) 272. Balantidium coli 273. Blastocystis hominis 274. Cryptosporidium parvum 275. Endolimax nana 276. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis. 277. Other Entamoeba, Amebae, and Intestinal Flagellates Christopher D. Huston, Jay E. Purdy, and William A. Petri, Jr. 278. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) 279. Isospora and Cyclospora Species 280. Leishmania Species (Leishmaniasis) 281. Microsporidia 282. Naegleria fowleri 283. Acanthamoeba Species 284. Plasmodium Species (Malaria 285. Sarcocystis Species 286. Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) 287. Trichomonas vaginalis 288. Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis) NEMATODES 289. Intestinal Nematodes 290. Tissue Nematodes 291. Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Worms) CESTODES 292. Diphyllobothrium, Dipylidium, and Hymenolepis Species 293. Taenia solium and Taenia saginata (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis) 294. Echinococcus Species (Agents of Cystic, Alveolar, and Polycystic Echinococcosis) 295. Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps, Taenia serialis, and Other Taenia species (Agents of Coenurosis) TREMATODES 296. Interstinal Trematodes. 297. Clonorchis, Opisthorchis and Paragonimus (Liver Fluke Infections) 298. Blood Trematodes (Schistosomiasis ARTHROPODS 299. Arachnids, Insects, and Other Arthropods Part IV Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases SECTION A. THE CLINICIAN AND THE LABORATORY 300. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection due to Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae 301. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection due to Viruses, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma 302. Laboratory Manifestations of Infectious Diseases SECTION B. ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY 303. Principles of Anti-infective Therapy 304. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance 305. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Basis of Optimal Antibiotic Dosing 306. Antimicrobial Agents 307. Antifungal Agents 308. Topical Antimicrobial Agents 309. Antiviral Agents 310. Antiparasitic Agents