Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease

Part I. Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases A. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases 001. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health - Benjamin Schwartz, M.D., and Stacey W. Martin, M.D 002. Pediatric Infection Prevention and Control - Jane D. Siegel, M.D. and Leigh Grossman, M.D. 003. Infections Associated with Group Childcare - Andi L. Shane, M.D. and Larry J. Pickering, M.D. 004. Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children - Mary Allen Staat, M.D., M.P.H. 005. Bioterrorism - Julia A. McMillan, M.D. B. Prevention of Infectious Diseases 006. Passive Immunization - David Goldman, M.D. 007. Active Immunization - Larry J. Pickering, M.D. and Walter O. Orenstein, M.D. 008. Chemoprophylaxis - Gary D. Overturf, M.D. 009. Protection of Travelers - Maryanne E. Crockett, M.D. and Jay S. Keystone, M.D., M.Sc.(CTM), FRCPC C. Host Defenses Against Infectious Diseases 010. Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection - Maite de la Morena, M.D. 011. Fever and the Inflammatory Response - Alexi I. Grom, M.D. Part II. Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management A. Fever, Bacteremia, and Septicemia 012. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock - Judith Guzman-Cottrill, M.D., Simon Nadel, M.D., and Brahm Goldstein, M.D. 013. Toxic Shock Syndrome - James K. Todd, M.D. 014. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome - Hayley A. Gans, M.D. and David B. Lewis, M.D B. Cardinal Symptom Complexes 015. Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes - Sarah S. Long, M.D. 016. Fever Without Localizing Signs - Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D. 017. Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes - Sarah S. Long, M.D., and Kathryn M. Edwards, M.D. 018. Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy - Mary Anne Jackson, M.D., and P. Joan Chesney, M.D. 019. Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections - Emily A. Thorell, M.D. and P. Joan Chesney, M.D. 020. Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy - Mary Anne Jackson, M.D., P. Joan Chesney, M.D., and Sarah J. Fitch, M.D. 021. Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy - John S. Bradley, M.D. 022. Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis - Victor Nizet, M.D. and Mary Anne Jackson, M.D. 023. Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes - Sarah S. Long, M.D. 024. Abdominal Symptom Complexes - Robert McGregor, M.D. 025. Neurologic Symptom Complexes - Geoff Weinberg, M.D. and Mary M. Moran, M.D. 026. Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. C. Oral Infections and Upper and Middle Respiratory Tract Infections 027. Infections of the Oral Cavity - Robert J. Leggiadro, M.D. 028. The Common Cold - Diane E. Pappas, M.D. J.D., and J. Owen Hendley, M.D. 029. Pharyngitis - Michael A. Gerber, M.D. 030. Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways - Richard H. Schwartz, M.D. 031. Otitis Media - Stephen I. Pelton, M.D. 032. Otitis Externa and Malignant Otitis Externa - Richard H. Schwartz, M.D. 033. Mastoiditis - Ellen R. Wald, M.D. 034. Sinusitis - Ellen R. Wald, M.D. D. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 035. Bronchiolitis - H. Cody Meissner, M.D. 036. Acute Pneumonia and its Complications - Chitra S. Mani and Dennis L. Murray, M.D. 037. Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia - Dennis L. Murray, M.D. and Chitra S. Mani, M.D. 038. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host - Kenneth McIntosh, M.D., Marvin Harper, M.D., and Dennis Murray, M.D. E. Cardiac and Vascular Infections 039. Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections - Lisa Saiman, M.D. 040. Myocarditis - Joseph A. Hilinski, M.D. 041. Pericarditis - Joseph A. Hilinski, M.D. F. Central Nervous System Infections 042. Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period - Xavier Saez-Llorens, M.D., and George H. McCracken, Jr., M.D. 043. Chronic Meningitis - Ram Yogev, M.D. 044. Recurrent Meningitis - Ram Yogev, M.D. 045. Aseptic and Viral Meningitis - Mark H. Sawyer, M.D. and Harley A. Rotbart, M.D. 046. Encephalitis, Meningoencephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, and Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy - Rodney E. Willoughby, Jr., M.D. and Sarah S. Long, M.D. 047. Cerebellar Ataxia, Transverse Myelitis and Myelopathy, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Neuritis, and Neuropathy - Rodney E. Willoughby, Jr., M.D. 048. Focal Suppurative Infections of the Central Nervous System - Ram Yogev, M.D. 049. Eosinophilic Meningitis - Marian G. Michaels, M.D., M.P.H. 050. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Slow Infections of the Nervous System - David M. Asher, M.D. G. Genitourinary Tract Infections 051. Urinary Tract Infections - Jacob A. Lohr, M.D., Stephen M. Downs, M.D., and Theresa A. Schlager, M.D. 052. Renal (Intrarenal and Perinephric) Abscesses - Jacob A. Lohr, M.D. and Sara M. O'Hara, M.D. 053. Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes - Margaret J. Blythe, M.D., and J. Dennis Fortenberry, M.D. 054. Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy - Catherine McLean, M.D. and Kimberly Workowski, M.D. 055. Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis - Paula K. Braveman, M.D., F.A.A.P. 056. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Madeline Y. Sutton, M.D., M.P.H. 057. Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis - Noni E. MacDonald, M.D. 058. Infectious Diseases of Child Abuse - David L. Ingram, M.D. H. Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Intoxications 059. Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections - Larry K. Pickering, M.D. 060. Viral Gastroenteritis - Joseph Bresee, M.D. 061. Inflammatory Enteritis - Ina Stephens, M.D. and James P. Nataro, M.D., Ph.D. 062. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - C. Michael Cotten, M.D. and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr, M.D. 063. Foodborne and Waterborne Disease - Wences Arvelo, M.D., Andrew Pavia, M.D., and Christopher Braden, M.D. I. Intra-Abdominal Infections 064. Acute Hepatitis - John D. Snyder, M.D. 065. Chronic Hepatitis - Walter E.B. Sipe, M.D. and John D. Snyder, M.D. 066. Granulomatous Hepatitis - Nada Yazigi, M.D. and Beverly Connelly, M.D. 067. Acute Pancreatitis - Nada Yazigi, M.D. and Beverly Connelly, M.D. 068. Cholecystitis and Cholangitis - Nada Yazigi, M.D. 069. Peritonitis - Shawn J. Rangel, M.D. and R. Lawrence Moss, M.D. 070. Appendicitis - Marion C.W. Henry, M.D. and R. Lawrence Moss, M.D. 071. Intra-Abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses - Karen A. Diefenbach, M.D. and R. Lawrence Moss, M.D. J. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections 072. Cellulitis and Superficial Skin Infections - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 073. Erythematous Macules and Papules - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 074. Vesicles and Bullae - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 075. Purpura - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 076. Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 077. Papules, Modules and Ulcers - John Browning, M.D. and Moise Levy, M.D. 078. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses - Moise Levy, M.D. and John Browning, M.D. 079. Myositis, Pyomyositis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis - Anna Norrby-Teglund, M.D. and Donald Edward Low, M.D. K. Bone and Joint Infections 080. Osteomyelitis - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. 081. Infections and Inflammatory Arthritis - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. 082. Diskitis - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. 083. Transient Synovitis - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. L. Eye Infections 084. Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) - Avery H. Weiss, M.D. 085. Conjunctivitis Beyond the Neonatal Period - Avery H. Weiss, M.D. 086. Infective Keratitis - Avery H. Weiss, M.D. 087. Uveitis, Retinitis, and Chorioretinitis - Avery H. Weiss, M.D. 088. Endophthalmitis - Mark J. Greenwald, M.D. 089. Periorbital and Orbital Infections - Ellen R. Wald, M.D. M. Infections Related to Trauma 090. Infection Following Trauma - Felice C. Adler-Shohet, M.D. and Jay M. Lieberman, M.D. 091. Infection Following Burns - Jane M. Gould, M.D., and Gail L. Rodgers, M.D. 092. Infection Following Bites - Marvin B. Harper, M.D. N. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn 093. Clinical Approach to the Infected Neonate - P. Brian Smith, M.D. and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr, M.D. 094. Bacterial Infections in the Neonate - Morven S. Edwards, M.D., ad Carol J. Baker, M.D. 095. Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate - Robert F. Pass, M.D. 096. Nosocomial Infections in the Neonate - M. Gary Karlowicz, M.D. and E. Stephen Buescher, M.D. O. Infections and Transplantation 097. Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients - Michael Green, M.D., M.P.H., and Marian G. Michaels, M.D., M.P.H. 98. Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients - Jorge Lujan-Zilbermann, M.D. P. Infections and Cancer 099. Fever and Granulocytopenia - Andrew Y. Koh, M.D., and Philip A. Pizzo, M.D. 100. Infections in Children with Cancer - Andrew Y. Koh, M.D., and Philip A. Pizzo, M.D. Q. Infections Associated with Hospitalization and Medical Devices 101. Healthcare-Associated Infections - Susan E. Coffin, M.D., and Theoklis E. Zaoutis, M.D. 102. Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections - Theoklis E. Zaoutis, M.D., and Susan E. Coffin, M.D. R. Infections in Patients with Deficient Defenses 103. Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Immunodeficiency - E. Stephen Buescher, M.D. 104. Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency - Elisabeth E. Adderson, M.D. 105. Infectious Complications of Complement Deficiencies - Jerry A. Winkelstein, M.D. 106. Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes - E. Stephen Buescher, M.D. 107. Infectious Complicatuions of Cell-Mediated Immunity Other than AIDS: Primary Immunodeficiencies - David B. Lewis, M.D. 108. Infectious Complications in Special Hosts - Jane L. Burns, M.D., Janet Englund, M.D., and Alice S. Prince, M.D. S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 109. Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents - Avinash K. Shetty, M.D. and Yvonne A. Maldonado, M.D. 110. Immunology of HIV-1 Infection - Katherine Luzuriaga, M.D. and John L. Sullivan, M.D. 111. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection - Heidi Schwarzwald, M.D. and Mark W. Kline, M.D. 112. Infectious Complications of HIV Infection - Mark W. Kline, M.D. 113. Management of HIV Infection - Elizabeth D. Lowenthal, M.D., Juan Carlos Millon, M.D., and Mark W. Kline, M.D. Part III. Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases A. Bacteria 114. Classification of Bacteria - Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI 115. Staphylococcus aureus - Gina S. Lowell, M.D. and Robert S. Daum, M.D. 116. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Philip Toltzis, M.D. 117. Classification of Streptococci - David B. Haslam, M.D., and Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. 118. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) - Michael A. Gerber, M.D. 119. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) - Morven S. Edwards, M.D., and Carol J. Baker, M.D. 120. Enterococcus Species - David B. Haslam, M.D., and Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. 121. Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species, and Streptococcus bovis - David B. Haslam, M.D., and Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. 122. Groups C and G Streptococci - David B. Haslam, M.D., and Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. 123. Streptococcus pneumoniae - Georges Peter, M.D., and Jerome O. Klein, M.D. 124. Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostocs and Pediococci - David B. Haslam, M.D., and Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI 125. Neisseria meningitidis - Andrew J. Pollard, M.D. and Adam Finn, M.D. 126. Neisseria gonnorrhoeae - Jay M. Lieberman, M.D. 127. Other Neisseria Species - Jay M. Lieberman, M.D. GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI 128. Archanobacterium haemolyticum - Denise F. Bratcher, D.O. 129. Bacillus Species (Anthrax) - Denise F. Bratcher, D.O. 130. Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Gary D. Overturf, M.D. 131. Other Corynebacteria - Denise F. Bratcher, D.O. 132. Listeria monocytogenes - Bennett Lorber, M.D. 133. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli - Denise F. Bratcher, D.O. 134. Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Jeffrey R. Starke, M.D. and Richard F. Jacobs, M.D. 135. Mycobacterium Species Non-tuberculosis - Richard Wallace, M.D. 136. Nocardia Species - Ellen Gould Chadwick, M.D. and Richard B. Thomson, M.D. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI 137. Escherichia coli - James P. Nataro, M.D., Ph.D. 138. Klebsiella and Raoultella Species - William J. Barson, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 139. Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (Granuloma Inguinale) - Catherine A. McLean, M.D. 140. Enterobacter and Pantoea Species - Mario J. Marcon, M.D. and Dennis J. Cunningham, M.D. 141. Citrobacter Species - Dwight A. Powell, M.D., and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 142. Less Commonly Encountered Enterobacteriaceae - Mario J. Marcon, M.D. and Katalin Koranyi, M.D. 143. Plesiomonas shigelloides - Thomas G. Cleary, M.D. 144. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species - William J. Barson, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 145. Serratia Species - Dwight A. Powell, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 146. Salmonella Species - Megan R. Reller, M.D. 147. Shigella Species - Shai Ashkenazi, M.D. and Thomas G. Cleary, M.D. 148. Yersinia Species - Theresa J. Ochoa, M.D. and Thomas G. Cleary, M.D. NONENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI 149. Acinetobacter Species - Dwight A. Powell, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 150. Aeromonas Species - Thomas G. Cleary, M.D. 151. Less Commonly Encountered Nonenteric Gram-Negative Bacilli - Michael T. Brady, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 152. Eikenella, Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species - Michael T. Brady, M.D. and Mario J. Marcon, M.D. 153. Moraxella and Psychrobacter Species - Mario J. Marcon, M.D. and Katalin Koranyi, M.D. 154. Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms - Jane L. Burns, M.D. 155. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Alice S. Prince, M.D. 156. Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species - Jane L. Burns, M.D. 157. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - Jane L. Burns, M.D. 158. Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) - Manoj P. Menon, M.D., M.P.H., Megan E. Reller, M.D. and Robert V. Tauxe, M.D. 159. Other Vibrio Species - Sharon K Greene, M.D. and John A. Painter, M.D. GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI 160. Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease) - Gordon E. Schutze, M.D. and Richard Jacobs, M.D. 161. Brucella Species (Brucellosis) - Edward J. Young, M.S., M.D. 162. Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Species - Sarah S. Long, M.D. and Kathryn M. Edwards, M.D. 163. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, M.D. and Manuel R. Amieva, M.D., Ph.D. 164. Other Campylobacter Species - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, M.D., and Manuel Amieva, M.D., Ph.D. 165. Capnocytophaga Species - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. 166. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae - Samir S. Shah, M.D. 167. Chlamydia trachomatis - Toni Darville, M.D. 168. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) - Matthew R. Moore, M.P.H. 169. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) - Jennifer H. McQuiston, M.D., and Herbert A. Thompson, M.D. 170. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Species - James E. Childs, M.D., Christopher D. Paddock, M.D., and Robert F. Massung, M.D. 171. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. 172. Haemophilus influenzae - Joseph W. St. Geme III, M.D. 173. Other Haemophilus Species - Steven C. Buckingham, M.D. 174. Helicobacter pylori - Benjamin D. Gold, M.D. 175. Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species - Benjamin D. Gold, M.D. 176. Kingella Species - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. 177. Legionella Species - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. 178. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) - Christopher D. Paddock, M.D., Marta A. Guerra, M.D., James E. Childs, M.D., and David L. Swerdlow, M.D. 179. Other Rickettsia Species - Marina E. Eremeeva, M.D. and Gregory A. Dasch, M.D. 180. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever) - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. 181. Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli - Lorry G. Rubin, M.D. TREPONEMATACEAE (SPIRAL ORGANISMS) 182. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) - Sarah A. Rawstron, M.B., B.S. 183. Other Treponema Species - Sarah A. Rawstron, M.B, B.S. 184. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) - Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D. 185. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) - Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D. 186. Other Borrelia Species and Spirillum minus - Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 187. Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Flora, and Clinical Concepts - Itzhak Brook, M.D. and Sarah S. Long, M.D. 188. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 189. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) - Sarah S. Long, M.D. 190. Clostridium difficile - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 191. Other Clostridium Species - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 192. Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 193. Fusobacterium Species - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 194. Anaerobic Cocci - Itzhak Brook, M.D. 195. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli (Actinomycosis) - Itzhak Brook, M.D. MYCOPLASMA 196. Mycoplasma pneumoniae - Samir S. Shah, M.D. 197. Other Mycoplasma Species - Samir S. Shah, M.D. 198. Ureaplasma urealyticum - Samir S. Shah, M.D. DISEASES OF POSSIBLE INFECTIOUS OR UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 199. Kawasaki Disease - Anne H. Rowley, M.D. 200. Chronic Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Gary S. Marshall, M.D. and Bryan D. Carter, M.D. B. Viruses 201. Classification of Viruses - Robert D. Siegel, M.D. and Charles G. Prober, M.D. DNA VIRUSES Poxviridae 202. Poxviridae - Zach S. Moore, M.D., M.P.H. Herpesviridae 203. Introduction to Herpesviridae - Charles G. Prober, M.D. 204. Herpes Simplex Virus - Charles G. Prober, M.D. 205. Varicella-Zoster Virus - Ann M. Arvin, M.D. 206. Cytomegalovirus - Robert F. Pass, M.D. 207. Epstein-Barr Virus Infections (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders) - Ben Z. Katz, M.D. 208. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum) - Caroline Breese Hall, M.D. 209. Human Herpesvirus 8 - Caroline Breese Hall, M.D. Adenoviridae 210. Adenoviruses - Gail J. Demmler, M.D. Papovaviridae 211. Human Papillomaviruses - Kevin Ault, M.D., and Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr., M.D. 212. Human Polyomaviruses - Veronique Erard, Ajit P. Limaye, and Michael Boeckh, M.D. Hepadnaviridae 213. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses - William A. Bower, M.D., Lyn Finelli, M.D. and Susan T. Goldstein, M.D. Parvoviridae 214. Human Parvoviruses - Kevin E. Brown, M.D. RNA VIRUSES Reoviridae 215. Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever) - Marc Fischer, M.D. and Theodore F. Tsai, M.D. 216. Rotaviruses - Joseph Bresee, M.D. Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae 217. Togaviridae: Alphaviruses - Edward. B. Hayes, M.D. and Theodore F. Tsai, M.D., M.P.H. 218. Flaviviruses - Edward. B. Hayes, M.D. 219. Bunyaviridae - Gary Overturf, M.D. 220. Hepatitis C Virus - Stephanie R. Bialek, M.D., Gregory L. Armstrong, and Ian T. Williams, M.D. 221. Rubella Virus - Yvonne A. Maldonado, M.D. Coronaviridae 222. Human Coronaviruses - Susan M. Poutanen, M.D. Paramyxoviridae 223. Parainfluenza Viruses - Kanta Subbarao and Kelly Henrickson, M.D. 224. Mumps Virus - Kathleen M. Gutierrez, M.D. 225. Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Timothy R. Peters and James E. Crowe Jr, M.D. 226. Human Metapneumovirus - John V. Williams and James E. Crowe Jr, M.D. 227. Rubeola Virus (Measles and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis) - Yvonne A. Maldonado, M.D. Rhabdoviridae 228. Rabies Virus - Rodney E. Willoughby, Jr., M.D. Orthomyxoviridae 229. Influenza Viruses - Kanta Subbarao, M.B.B.S., M.P.H. Filoviridae 230. Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses - Michael Bell, M.D. Arenaviridae 231. New-World Arenaviruses, Lassa Virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus - Michael Bell, M.D. Retroviridae 232. Introduction to Retriviridae - Katherine Luzuriaga, M.D. and John L. Sullivan, M.D. 233. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses - Charles Prober, M.D. and Katherine Luzuriaga, M.D. 234. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses - Katherine Luzuriaga, M.D. and John L. Sullivan, M.D. Picornaviridae 235. Introduction to Picornaviridae - John F. Modlin, M.D. 236. Polioviruses - Yvonne A. Maldonado, M.D. 237. Enteroviruses: Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses - John F. Modlin, M.D. 238. Hepatitis A Virus - Beth P. Bell, M.D., M.P.H., and Anthony E. Fiore, M.D. 239. Rhinoviruses - Diane E. Pappas, M.D., J.D., and J. Owen Hendley, M.D. Caliciviridae 240. Caliciviruses - Marc-Alain Widdowson, M.D. 241. Astroviruses - Joseph Bresee, M.D. 242. Hepatitis E Virus and Other Newly Identified Viruses - William A. Bower, M.D. and Eric E. Mast, M.D. C. Fungi 243. Classification of Fungi - Martin B. Kleiman, M.D. 244. Candida Species - P. Brian Smith and William J. Steinbach, M.D. 245. Aspergillus Species - William J. Steinbach, M.D. and Robert A. Cramer, Jr 246. Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis and Pheohyphomycosis - Thomas F. Patterson, M.D. 247. Agents of Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) - Thomas F. Patterson, M.D. 248. Malassezia Species - Deanna A. Sutton and Thomas F. Patterson, M.D. 249. Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) - Thomas F. Patterson, M.D. 250. Cryptococcus Species - Thomas F. Patterson, M.D. 251. Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) - Martin B. Kleiman, M.D. 252. Pneumocystis carini - Francis Gigliotti, M.D. and Terry W. Wright, M.D. 253. Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis) - Martin B. Kleiman, M.D. 254. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidiomycosis) - Martin B. Kleiman, M.D. 255. Dermatophytes and Other Superficial Fungi - Moise Levy, M.D. and John Browning, M.D. 256. Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Pseudallescheria boydii (anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum) - Martin B. Kleiman, M.D. and Elaine Cox, M.D. D. Human Parasites and Vectors 257. Classification of Parasites - Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D. PROTOZOA 258. Babesia Species (Babesiosis) - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. and Elidia Dominguez, M.D. 259. Balantidium coli - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. and Elidia Dominguez, M.D. 260. Blastocystis hominis - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. 261. Cryptosporidium Species - Patricia M. Flynn, M.D. 262. Endolimax nana - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. 263. Entamoeba histolytica (Abebiasis) - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, M.D. and William A. Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. 264. Other Entamoeba, Amebae, and Intestinal Flagellates - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, M.D. and William A. Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. 265. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) - Larry K. Pickering, M.D. 266. Isospora and Cyclospora Species - Patricia M. Flynn, M.D. 267. Leishmania Species (Leishmaniasis) - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. and Luz I. Romero, M.D. 268. Microsporidia - Patricia M. Flynn, M.D. 269. Naegleria fowleri - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, M.D. and William A. Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. 270. Acanthamoeba Species - Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi, M.D. and William A. Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. 271. Plasmodium Species (Malaria) - Jacek Skarbinski, M.D., Craig M. Wilson, M.D. and Monica Parise, M.D. 272. Sarcocystis Species - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. and Elidia Dominguez, M.D. 273. Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) - Kenneth M. Boyer, M.D., John Marcinak, M.D. and Rima L. McLeod, M.D. 274. Trichomonas vaginalis - Kimberly Workowski, M.D. 275. Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis) - Eduardo Ortega-Barria, M.D. NEMATODES 276. Intestinal Nematodes - Michael Cappello, M.D. and Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D. 277. Tissue Nematodes - Dickson D. Despommier, M.D. 278. Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Worms) - Leanne M. Fox, M.D. CESTODES 279. Diphyllobothrium, Dipylidium, and Hymenolepsis Species - Frank O. Richards, Jr., M.D. 280. Taenia solium and Taenia saginata (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis) - Michael Cappello, M.D., Peter M. Schantz, M.D. and A. Clinton White, Jr., M.D.281. Echinococcus Species (Agents of Cystic, Alveolar, and Polycystic Echinococcosis) - Pedro L. Moro, M.D. and Peter M. Schantz, V.M.D., Ph.D. 282. Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps and Taenia serialis (Coenurosis) - Michael Cappello, M.D., Peter M. Schantz, M.D. and A. Clinton White, Jr., M.D. TREMATODES 283. Intestinal Trematodes - Frank O. Richards, Jr., M.D. 284. Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Fasciola, and Paragonimus Species - Frank O. Richards, Jr., M.D. 285. Blood Trematodes (Schistosomiasis) - Frank O. Richards, Jr., M.D. Part IV Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases A. The Clinician and the Laboratory 286. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae - John C. Christenson, M.D., and E. Kent Korgenski, M.D. 287. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection due to Viruses, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma - Tony Mazzulli, M.D. 288. Laboratory Manifestations of Infectious Diseases - Sarah S. Long and Ann-Christine Nyquist, M.D. B. Anti-Infective Therapy 289. Principles of Anti-Infective Therapy - John S. Bradley, M.D. and Sarah S. Long, M.D. 290. Mechanisms and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance - Melissa B. Miller, M.D. and Peter H. Gilligan, M.D. 291. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Basis of Optimal Antibiotic Therapy - Michael N. Neely, M.D. and Michael D. Reed, M.D. 292. Antimicrobial Agents - John S. Bradley, M.D., and Jason Sauberan, M.D. 293. Antifungal Agents - William J. Steinbach, M.D. and Christoper C. Dvorak, M.D. 294. Topical Antimicrobial Agents - Jane M. Gould, M.D. and Gail L. Rodgers, M.D. 295. Antiviral Agents - David W. Kimberlin, M.D. 296. Antiparasitic Agents - Craig M. Wilson, M.D. and David O. Freedman, M.D.