Volcanoes

PREFACE. PART I - INTRODUCTION. 1. Eruptions, Jargon, and History. A "Grey Volcano" in Eruption - Galunggung - 1982. A "Red Volcano" in Eruption - Kilauea - 1974. Some Basic Terminology. History of Volcanology. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. PART II - THE BIG PICTURE. 2. Global Perspectives - Plate Tectonics and Volcanism. Birth of a Theory. Volcanoes along Divergent Plate Boundaries. Volcanoes along Convergent Plate Boundaries. Intraplate Volcanoes. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 3. The Nature of Magma - Where Volcanoes Come From. Origins of Magma. The Physics and Chemistry of Melting. Classification of Magma and Igneous Rocks. Principal Magma Types. Magmatic and Volcanic Gases. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 4. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts. Magma Temperatures. Magma Rheology. Magma Ascent and Emplacement. "Frozen Magma" - Subvolcanic Intrusives. Triggers for Volcanic Eruptions - Why Volcanoes Erupt. Repose Intervals. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. PART III - VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 5. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions. Lacroix Classification System. Rittman Diagrams. Geze Classification Diagram. Walker Classification System. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 6. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products. Mafic and Intermediate Effusive Eruptions. Pahoehoe and 0A0a. Pyroducts. Pahoehoe Surface Structures. Lava Flow Internal Structures. 0A0a Surface Structures. Block Lavas. Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Lava Flows. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 7. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products. Ejecta Classification. Explosive Eruption Styles and Their Products. Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs). Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 8. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions. Measuring the Sizes of Plinian Eruptions. Plinian Eruption Dynamics. Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs). Directed Blasts. "Super-Eruptions". Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. PART IV - VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS. 9. Constructional ("Positive") Volcanic Landforms. Large Igneous Provinces. Shield Volcanoes. Composite Volcanoes. Minor Volcanic Landforms. Volcano Old Age and Extinction. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 10. "Negative" Volcanic Landforms - Craters and Calderas. Small Craters. Calderas. Post-caldera Resurgence. Caldera Formation Mechanisms. Caldera Roots - Relationships to Plutonic Rocks. Volcano-tectonic Depressions. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 11. Mass-wasting Processes and Products. Landslides, Avalanches, and Sector Collapses. Lahars. Causes of Lahars. Lahar Dynamics. Lahar Destructiveness. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 12. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away. Submarine and Subglacial Volcanoes - The Meeting of Fire, Water, and Ice. Extraterrestrial Volcanoes. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. PART V - HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY. 13. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History. Volcanoes and the Origin of Life. Volcanoes, Atmosphere, and Climate. Volcanic Influence on Soil Fertility and Agriculture. Volcanoes and Human History. Social Impact of Volcanic Eruptions. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 14. Volcanic Hazards and Risk - Monitoring and Mitigation. Hazards and Risk. Active, Dormant, and Extinct Volcanoes. Volcanic Hazards. Volcanic Risk. Volcano Monitoring. Volcanic Crisis Management. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. 15. Economic Volcanology. Earth Energy Relationships. Volcano Energy. Stored Energy: Geothermal Power. Volcanoes and Ore Deposits. Other Useful Volcanic Materials. Further Reading. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion. Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology. References. Index. Appendix: List of Prominent World Volcanoes. Map: Prominent World Volcanoes.