A History of Modern Europe

Part I Romanticism and Revolt: The Seedtime of Modern Ideologies, 1815-40 17 1 The Legacy of the French Revolution 19 2 The Congress of Vienna and Post-Napoleonic Europe: 1815-30 29 3 The Engines of Change 43 4 The Seedtime of Ideology: A Century of "Questions" 55 Part II From the 1820s to the Great Depression of the 1870s and 1880s 71 5 Liberal Struggles, Victories, Dilemmas, Defeats 75 6 Nationalism and National Unification 92 7 Mid-century Consolidation, Modernization: Austria, Russia, France 106 8 Optimism, Progress, Science: From the 1850s to 1871 117 Part III From Depression to World War: The 1870s to 1914 131 9 The Depressed and Chastened 1870s and 1880s 133 10 Germany and Russia in the Belle Epoque: 1890-1914 147 11 France and Britain in the Belle Epoque: 1890-1914 162 12 The Origins of World War I 176 Part IV The European Civil War: 1914 - 43 187 13 World War I: 1914 -18 189 14 Revolution in Russia: 1917-21 199 15 The Paris Peace Settlement 214 16 The Dilemmas of Liberal Democracy in the 1920s 225 17 Stalinist Russia and International Communism 237 18 The Rise of Fascism and Nazism: 1919-39 251 19 The Origins of World War II and the Holocaust: 1929-39 267 20 World War II and the Holocaust: 1939-43 283 Part V Europe in Recovery and the Cold War: 1943-89 and Beyond 299 21 Victory, Peace, Punishment: 1943-6 303 22 Europe's Nadir, the German Question, and the Origins of the Cold War: 1945-50 322 23 The Mystique of Revolution: Ideologies and Realities, 1945 to the 1960s 337 24 The End of Imperialism, and European Recovery: 1948-68 352 25 Europe in a New Generation 371 26 Détente, Ostpolitik, Glasnost: A New Europe 381 27 Europe in Two Centuries: An Epilogue and General Assessment 398 Index 413