Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Access Control, Logical.- Access Control, Physical.- Age Estimation.- Anatomy of Friction Ridge Skin.- Anatomy of the Hand.- And-Or Graph Face Model and Its Applications in Artistic Sketching and Aging Simulation.- ANSI/NIST-ITL Standard: Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial, and Other Biometric Information.- Anti-spoofing, Evaluation Methodologies.- Anti-spoofing, Face.- Anti-spoofing, Face Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint (Fake Fingers).- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint (Hardware and Software).- Anti-spoofing, Fingerprint Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Iris.- Anti-spoofing, Iris Databases.- Anti-spoofing, Multimodal.- Anti-spoofing,Voice.- Anti-spoofing, Voice Conversion.- Anti-spoofing, Voice Databases.- Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions.- Automatic Classification of Left/Right Iris Image.- Background Checks.- Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition.- BioAPI, Standardization.- Biometric Algorithms.- Biometric and User Data, Binding of.- Biometric Applications, Overview.- Biometric Data Interchange Format Standards.- Biometric Identity Assurance Services.- Biometric Interfaces.- Biometric Sample Acquisition.- Biometric Sample Quality.- Biometric Sample Quality, Standardization.- Biometric Sample Synthesis.- Biometric Security Standards.- Biometric Sensor and Device, Overview.- Biometric System Design, Overview.- Biometric System-on-Card.- Biometric System-on-Card, Standardization.- Biometric Systems, Agent-Based.- Biometric Technical Interface, Standardization.- Biometric Template Binarization.- Biometric Verification/Identification/Authentication/Recognition: The Terminology.- Biometric Vocabulary Standardization.- Biometric Vulnerabilities, Overview.- Biometric Zoo Menagerie.- Biometrics on Mobile Devices.- Biometrics, Overview.- Cancelable Biometrics.- Fingerprint Databases for Technology Evaluation, Characterization and Measurement of Difficulty.- Cohort-Based Score Normalization.- Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Standardization.- Comparative Anatomy of the Face.- Configuration Issues, System Design.- Deformable Models.- Dental Biometrics.- Digitizing Tablet.- DNA Data Format Standardization.- Ear Biometrics.- Ear Biometrics, 3D.- Earprints, Forensic Evidence of.- Ear Recognition, Physical Analogies.- EEG Biometrics.- Embedded Systems.- Encryption, Biometric.- Ensemble Learning.- Environmental Testing Methodology of Biometric System Performance, Standardization.- Ergonomic Design for Biometric Systems.- Eye Features and Anatomy.- Face Alignment.- Face Databases and Evaluation.- Face Detection.- Face Device.- Face Misalignment Problem.- Face Pose Analysis.- Face Recognition Standards.- Face Recognition, 3D-Based.- Face Recognition, Component-Based.- Face Recognition, Geometric vs. Appearance-Based.- Face Recognition, Near-Infrared.- Face Recognition, Overview.- Face Recognition, Thermal.- Face Recognition, Video-Based.- Face Sample Quality.- Face Sample Synthesis.- Face Tracking.- Face Variation.- Face, Forensic Evidence of.- Finger Data Interchange Format, Standardization.- Finger Geometry, 3D.- Finger Vein.- Finger Vein Biometric Algorithm.- Finger Vein Pattern Imaging.- Finger Vein Reader.- Fingerprint Classification.- Fingerprint Compression.- Fingerprint Databases and Evaluation.- Fingerprint Features.- Fingerprint Hashing.- Fingerprint Image Enhancement.- Fingerprint Image Quality.- Fingerprint Indexing.- Fingerprint Matching, Automatic.- Fingerprint Matching, Manual.- Fingerprint Recognition, Overview.- Fingerprint Sample Synthesis.- Fingerprint Templates.- Fingerprint, Palmprint, Handprint, and Soleprint Sensor.- Footstep Recognition.- Footwear Recognition.- Forensic Applications, Overview.- Forensic Barefoot Comparisons.- Forensic DNA Evidence.- Forensic Use of Fingerprints and Fingermarks.- Fraud Reduction, Applications.- Fraud Reduction, Overview.- Fusion, Decision-Level.- Fusion, Feature-Level.- Fusion, Quality-Based.- Fusion, Rank-Level.- Fusion, Score-Level.- Fusion, Sensor Level.- Fusion, User-Specific.- Gait Biometrics, Overview.- Gait Recognition, Model-Based.- Gait Recognition, Motion Analysis for.- Gait Recognition, Silhouette-Based.- Gait Recognition, Evaluation.- Gait, Forensic Evidence of.- Gaussian Mixture Models.- Gender Classification.- Hand Data Interchange Format, Standardization.- Hand Databases and Evaluation.- Hand Geometry.- Hand Shape.- Hand Veins.- Hand-Geometry Device.- Heterogeneous Face Biometrics.- Hidden Markov Models.- Human Detection and Tracking.- Human-Biometric Sensor Interaction.- Illumination Compensation.- Image Formation.- Image Pattern Recognition.- Implementation Profiles and the Code of Practice for Implementing Biometric Systems.- Incremental Learning.- Independent Component Analysis.- Individuality of Fingerprints, A Review.- Influential Factors to Performance.- Interoperable Performance.- Iris Acquisition Device.- Iris Databases.- Iris Device.- Iris Digital Watermarking.- Iris Encoding and Recognition Using Gabor Wavelets.- Iris Image Data Interchange Formats, Standardization.- Iris Image Quality.- Iris on the MoveTM.- Iris Recognition at Airports and Border Crossings.- Iris Recognition Performance Under Extreme Image Compression.- Iris Recognition Using Correlation Filters.- Iris Recognition, Overview.- Iris Sample Synthesis.- Iris Segmentation Using Active Contours.- Iris Standards Progression.- Iris Super-Resolution.- Iris Template Extraction Via Bit Inconsistency and GRIT.- Iris Template Protection.- Keystroke Recognition.- Large Scale System Design.- Latent Fingerprint Experts.- Law Enforcement.- Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques.- Lip Movement Recognition.- Local Image Features.- Local Image Filters.- Manifold Learning.- Markerless 3D Human Motion Capture from Images.- Mixing Fingerprints.- Multibiometrics.- Multibiometrics and Data Fusion Standardization.- Multiple Classifier Systems.- Multiple Experts.- Multispectral and Hyperspectral Biometrics.- Nonlinear Techniques for Dimension Reduction.- Nose Tip Detection from Face Range Images.- Object-Oriented BioAPI Standard.- Odor Biometrics.- On-Card Matching.- Operational Times.- Palmprint, 3D.- Palm Vein.- Palm Vein Image Sensor.- Palmprint Features.- Palmprint Matching.- Performance Evaluation, Overview.- Performance Measures.- Performance Testing Methodology Standardization.- Periocular-Based Biometrics.- Photography for Face Image Data.- Plastic Surgery and Face Recognition.- Pointer-Based Recognition.- Precise Fiducial Detection.- Privacy Issues.- Procrustes Shape Distance.- Psychology of Gait and Action Recognition.- Quality Measures in Biometric Systems.- Registered Traveler.- Remote Authentication.- Remote Face Recognition.- Retina Recognition.- Score Normalization Rules in Iris Recognition.- Security and Liveness, Overview.- Security Issues, System Design.- Segmentation of Off-Axis Iris Images.- Session Effects on Speaker Modeling.- SFinGe.- Signature Databases and Evaluation.- Signature Features.- Signature Matching.- Signature Recognition, Overview.- Signature Sample Synthesis.- Signature/Sign Time Series Data, Standardization.- Simultaneous Capture of Iris and Retina for Recognition.- Skin Detection.- Skin Spectroscopy.- Skin Texture.- Skull, Forensic Evidence of.- Soft Biometrics.- Sources of Information in Biometric Fusion.- Sparse Representation for Face Recognition.- Speaker Corpora and Evaluation.- Speaker Features.- Speaker Matching.- Speaker Recognition, Overview.- Speaker Recognition, Standardization.- Speaker Segmentation.- Speech Analysis.- Speech Production.- Conformance Testing Methodologies for Biometric Data Interchange Formats, Standardization of.- Supervised Learning.- Support Vector Machine.- Surveillance.- Tamper-Proof Operating System.- Template Security.- Test Sample and Size.- Time and Attendance.- Transportable Asset Protection.- Universal Background Models.- Universal Latent Workstation.- User Acceptance.- User Interface, System Design.- Vascular Image Data Format, Standardization.- Visual Cryptography.- Voice Device.- Voice Sample Synthesis.- Voice, Forensic Evidence of.- Wavefront Coded® Iris Biometric Systems.- Wavefront Coding for Enhancing the Imaging Volume in Iris Recognition.- WS-Biometric Devices.- Zero-Effort Forgery.