Writing Research Papers (spiral bound)

Preface to the Instructor

Preface to the Student



Chapter 1 Writing from Research

1a Why Do Research?

1b Learning Format Variations

1c Understanding a Research Assignment

Understanding the Terminology

1d Establishing a Schedule



Chapter 2 Finding a Topic

2a Relating Your Personal Ideas to a Scholarly Problem

Connecting Personal Experience to Scholarly Topics

Speculating about Your Subject to Discover Ideas and to Focus on the Issues

2b Talking with Others to Find and Refine the Topic

Personal Interviews

Online Discussion Groups

2c Using the World Wide Web to Refine Your Topic

Using an Online Subject Directory

Using an Internet Key-word Search

2d Using the Library's Electronic Databases to Find and Narrow a Subject

2e Using the Library's Electronic Book Catalogs to Find a Topic

2f Expressing a Thesis Statement, Enthymeme, or Hypothesis

2g Drafting a Research Proposal

The Short Proposal

The Long Proposal

Your Research Project



Chapter 3 Finding and Filtering Electronic Sources

3a Beginning an Online Search

3b Reading an Online Address

3c Using a Search Engine

Subject Directory Search Engines

Robot-Driven Search Engines

Metasearch Engines

Specialized Search Engines

Educational Search Engines

Educational Search Engines Maintained by Libraries

3d Searching for Articles in Journals and Magazines

Online Journals

Online Magazines

3e Searching for Articles in Newspapers and Media Sources

3f Accessing E-Books

3g Using Listserv, Usenet, and Chat Groups

E-mail News Groups

Real-Time Chatting

3h Examining Library Holdings via Internet Access

3i Finding an Internet Bibliography

3j Conducting Archival Research on the Internet

Go to the Library

Go to an Edited Search Engine

Go to a Metasearch Engine

Use Search Engine Directories

Go to a Listserv or UseNet Group

Go to Newspaper Archives

Your Research Project



Chapter 4 Gathering Data in the Library

4a Launching the Search

4b Developing a Working Bibliography

4c Finding Books on Your Topic

Using Your Library's Electronic Book Catalog

Using the Library's Printed Bibliographies

4d Finding Articles in Magazines and Journals

Searching the General Indexes to Periodicals

Finding Indexes by Discipline in Appendix B

Using the H. W. Wilson Indexes

Searching for an Index to Abstracts

Searching for Abstracts of Dissertations

4e Searching for a Biography

4f Searching for Articles in the Newspaper Indexes

4g Searching the Indexes to Pamphlet Files

4h Searching for Government Documents

4i Searching for Essays within Books

4j Using the Microforms

Your Research Project



Chapter 5 Conducting Research Outside the Library

5a Investigating Local Sources

Interviewing Knowledgeable People

Writing Letters and Corresponding by E-mail

Reading Personal Papers

Attending Lectures and Public Addresses

5b Investigating Government Documents

5c Examining Audiovisual Materials, Television, and Radio

5d Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire

5e Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Observation

Your Research Project



Chapter 6 Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism

6a Using Sources to Enhance Your Credibility

6b Placing Your Work in Its Proper Context

6c Honoring Property Rights

6d Avoiding Plagiarism

Common Knowledge Exceptions

Correctly Borrowing from a Source

6e Sharing Credit in Collaborative Projects

6f Honoring and Crediting Sources in Online Classrooms

6g Seeking Permission to Publish Material on Your Web Site

Your Research Project



Chapter 7 Finding and Evaluating Sources

7a Finding Reliable Sources

7b Selecting a Mix of both Primary and Secondary Sources

7c Evaluating a Source

Evaluating the Key Parts of an Article

Evaluating the Key Parts of a Book

Evaluating the Key Parts of an Internet Article

7d Outlining a Source

7e Summarizing a Source

7f Preparing an Annotated Bibliography

7g Preparing a Review of the Literature on Topic

Your Research Project



Chapter 8 Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals

8a Charting a Direction and Setting Goals

Using a Basic, Dynamic Order to Chart the Course of Your Work

Using Your Research Proposal to Direct Your Notetaking

Listing Keywords and Phrases to Set Directions for Notetaking

Writing a Rough Outline

Using Questions to Identify Issues

Setting Goals by Using Organizational Patterns

Using Approaches across the Curriculum to Chart Your Major Ideas

Using Your Thesis to Chart the Direction of Your Research

8b Using Academic Models (Paradigms)

A General All-Purpose Model

Paradigm for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories

Paradigm for the Analysis of Creative Works

Paradigm for Argument and Persuasion Papers

Paradigm for Analysis of History

Paradigm for a Comparative Study

8c Writing a Formal Outline

Using Standard Outline Symbols

Writing a Formal Topic Outline

Writing a Formal Sentence Outline

Using a Research Journal to Enrich Your Organizational Plan

Your Research Project



Chapter 9 Writing Notes

Gathering Printouts, Photocopies, Scanned Images, and Downloaded Data

Writing Notes of High Quality

9a Creating Effective Notes

Honoring the Conventions of Research Style

Using a Computer for Notetaking

Developing Handwritten Notes

9b Writing Personal Notes

9c Writing Direct Quotation Notes

Quoting Primary Sources

Quoting the Secondary Sources

9d Writing Paraphrased Notes

9e Writing Summary Notes

9f Writing Precis Notes

Use the Precis to Review Briefly an Article or Book

Use the Precis to Write an Annotated Bibliography

Use the Precis in a Plot Summary Note

Use the Precis as the Form for an Abstract

9g Writing Notes from Field Research

Your Research Project



Chapter 10 Drafting the Paper in an Academic Style

10a Focusing Your Argument

Maintaining a Focus on Objective Facts and Subjective Ideas

10b Refining the Thesis Statement

Using Questions to Focus the Thesis

Adjust or Change Your Thesis during Research if Necessary

10c Writing an Academic Title

10d Drafting the Paper from Your Research Journal, Notes, and Computer Files

Writing from Your Notes

Writing with Unity and Coherence

Writing in the Proper Tense

Using the Language of the Discipline

Using Source Material to Enhance Your Writing

Writing in the Third Person

Writing with the Passive Voice in an Appropriate Manner

10e Using Visuals Effectively in a Research Essay

10f Avoiding Sexist and Biased Language

Your Research Project



Chapter 11 Blending Reference Material into Your Writing by Using MLA Style

11a Blending Reference Citations into Your Text

Making a General Reference without a Page Number

Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number

Putting the Page Number Immediately after the Name

Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of Borrowed Material

11b Citing a Source When No Author Is Listed

Citing the Title of a Magazine Article

Citing the Title of a Report

Citing the Name of a Publisher or a Corporate Body

11c Citing Nonprint Sources That Have No Page Number

11d Citing Internet Sources

Identify the Source with Name or Title

Identify the Nature of the Information and Its Credibility

Omitting Page and Paragraph Numbers to Internet Citations

11e Citing Indirect Sources

11f Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work

11g Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies

11h Adding Extra Information to In-text Citations

One of Several Volumes

Two or More Works by the Same Writer

Several Authors in One Citation

Additional Information with the Page Number

11i Punctuating Citations Properly and Consistently

Commas and Periods

Semicolons and Colons

Question Marks and Exclamation Marks

Single Quotation Marks

11j Indenting Long Quotations

11k Citing Poetry

Quoting Two Lines of Poetry or Less

Quoting Three Lines of Poetry or More

Indenting Turnovers for Long Lines of Poetry

Retaining Internal Quotations within a Block

Providing Translations

11l Handling Quotations from a Play

11m Altering Initial Capitals in Some Quoted Matter

11n Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points

11o Altering Quotations with Parentheses and Brackets

Parentheses

Brackets

Your Research Project



Chapter 12 Writing the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

12a Writing the Introduction of the Paper

Provide the Thesis Statement, Enthymeme, or Hypothesis

Provide the Enthymeme

Provide a Hypothesis

Relate to the Well Known

Provide Background Information

Review the Literature

Review the History and Background of the Subject

Take Exception to Critical Views

Challenge an Assumption

Provide a Brief Summary

Define Key Terms

Supply Data, Statistics, and Special Evidence

12b Writing the Body of the Research Paper

Relate a Time Sequence

Compare or Contrast Issues, Critical Views, and Literary Characters

Develop Cause and Effect

Define Your Key Terminology

Explain a Process

Ask Questions and Provide Answers

Cite Evidence from the Source Materials

Use a Variety of Other Methods

12c Writing the Conclusion of the Research Paper

Restate the Thesis and Reach beyond It

Close with an Effective Quotation

Return the Focus of a Literary Study to the Author

Compare the Past to the Present

Offer a Directive or Solution

Discuss Test Results

Your Research Project



Chapter 13 Revising, Proofreading, and Formatting the Rough Draft

13a Conducting a Global Revision

Revising the Introduction

Revising the Body

Revising the Conclusion

Participating in Peer Review

13b Formatting the Paper to MLA Style

Title Page or Opening Page

Outline

Abstract

The Text of the Paper

Content Endnotes Page

Appendix

Works Cited

13c Editing Before Typing or Printing the Final Manuscript

Using the Computer to Edit Your Text

13d Proofreading on the Screen and on the Printed Manuscript

Your Research Project

13e Sample Research Papers in MLA Style

Short Literary Research Paper

Sample Research Paper



Chapter 14 Works Cited: MLA Style

14a Formatting the Works Cited Page

14b Bibliography Form - Books

14c Bibliography Form - Periodicals

14d Bibliography Form - Newspapers

14e Bibliography Form - Government Documents

14f Bibliography Form - Internet Sources

14g Bibliography Form - Citing Sources Found on CD-ROM

14h Bibliography Form - Other Electronic Sources

14i Bibliography Form - Other Sources



Chapter 15 Writing in APA Style

15a Writing Theory, Reporting Test Results, or Reviewing Literature

Theoretical Article

Report of an Empirical Study

Review Article

15b Writing in the Proper Tense for an APA Research Paper

15c Using In-text Citations in APA Style

15d Preparing the List of Reference

Book

Periodical

Abstract

Review

Report

Nonprint Material

Internet Sources

World Wide Web Sites

CD-ROM

15e Variations on the APA Style for Other Disciplines in the Social Sciences

Linguistics

Sociology and Social Work

15g Formatting an APA Paper

Theoretical Article

Report of an Empirical Study

Review Article

15h Writing the Abstract

15h Sample Paper in APA Style



Chapter 16 The Footnote System: CMS Style

16a Inserting a Superscript Numeral in Your Text

Writing Full or Abbreviated Notes

16b Formatting and Writing the Footnotes

16c Writing Footnotes for Electronic Sources

16d Writing Subsequent Footnote References

16e Writing Endnotes Rather Than Footnotes

16f Writing Content Footnotes or Content Endnotes

16g Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Humanities

16h Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Fine Arts

16i Writing a Bibliography Page for a Paper That Uses Footnotes

16j Sample Research Paper in the CMS Style



Chapter 17 CSE Style for the Natural and Applied Sciences

Guide by Discipline

17a Writing In-Text Citations Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System

17b Writing a References Page

17c Writing In-Text Citations Using the CSE Name-Year System

17d Using Name-Year with Bibliographic Entries

17e Sample Paper Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System



Chapter 18 Creating Electronic Research Papers

18a Beginning the Electronic Project

18b Using Word Processing

18cBuildingElectronic Presentations

18d Research Paper Web Pages and Sites

Creating a Single Web Page

Creating a Web Site with Multiple Pages

Using an Editor to Create Web Pages

Importing, Entering, and Modifying Text

Citing Your Sources in a Web Research Paper

18e Planning Electronic Research Papers

Creating a Plan for Your Research Paper

Designing Your Electronic Research Paper

18f Using Graphics in Your Electronic Research Paper

Graph File Formats

Creating Your Own Digital Graphics

18g Using Sound and Video in Your Electronic Research Paper

18h Delivering Your Electronic Research Paper to Readers

18i Presenting Research in Alternative Formats

Your Research Project



Appendix A Rules and Techniques for Preparing the Manuscript in MLA Style

Appendix B Finding Reference Works for Your General Topic



Credits

Index