Comparative Neuropathology of Chronic Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

1 Introduction.- 2 The Spectram of Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases.- 2.1 Experimental Models.- 2.2 Human Diseases.- 3 Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Humans.- 4 The Pathology of Inflammatory Demyelinating Lesions.- 4.1 Inflammatory Reaction.- 4.1.1 Inflammation in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.- 4.1.2 The Inflammatory Response in Human Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases.- 4.2 Vascular Pathology.- 4.2.1 Vascular Pathology in EAE.- 4.2.2 Vascular Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.3 Blood-Brain Barrier.- 4.3.1 Blood-Brain Barrier and Blood-CSF Barrier Leakage Under Physiological Conditions.- 4.3.2 The Diffusion of Proteins in the Extracellular Space of the Brain.- 4.3.3 Mechanisms and Structural Correlates of Blood- Brain Barrier Damage.- 4.3.4 The Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.- 4.3.5 Implications of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability on the Distribution of EAE Lesions Within the CNS.- 4.3.6 The Blood-Brain Barrier in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.4 Demyelination and Myelin Degradation.- 4.4.1 Initial Stages of Demyelination in EAE.- 4.4.2 Myelin Degradation and Removal of Debris in EAE.- 4.4.3 Demyelination and Myelin Degradation in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.5 The Fate of Oligodendroglia.- 4.5.1 Oligodendrocytes in EAE Lesions.- 4.5.2 Oligodendroglia in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.6 Remyelination.- 4.6.1 Remyelination in Acute and Chronic EAE.- 4.6.2 Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.7 Sclerosis.- 4.7.1 Astroglial Reaction in the Lesions of Acute and Chronic EAE.- 4.7.2 Gliosis in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.8 Axonal and Neuronal Pathology.- 4.8.1 Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.- 4.8.2 Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.9 Meningeal Pathology.- 4.9.1 Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.- 4.9.2 Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.10 Peripheral Nervous System Pathology.- 4.10.1 PNS Involvement in Different Models of Chronic EAE.- 4.10.2 Peripheral Nervous System Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.11 Patterns of Plaque Growth.- 4.11.1 Plaque Growth in Chronic EAE.- 4.11.2 Mechanisms of Plaque Growth in Multiple Sclerosis.- 4.12 Lesional Topography in the CNS.- 4.12.1 Lesional Distribution in EAE.- 4.12.2 Lesional Topography in Human Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases.- 4.13 The Variability of Inflammatory Demyelinating Lesions.- 4.14 EAE as a Model of Human Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases.- 5 Immunopathogenetic Considerations.- 5.1 Transfer Studies.- 5.2 The Possible Role of Autoantigens in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Demyelinating Lesions.- 5.3 Conclusions.- 5.3.1 The Variability of EAE Lesions as an Expression of Multiple Antigens and Effector Mechanisms.- 5.3.2 The Compartmentalization of the Immune Reaction and Its Consequences for the Study of Chronic EAE Pathogenesis.- 5.3.3 Implications for Future Research in Human Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases.- 6 Addendum: Material and Methods - Models of Chronic EAE.- 6.1 Material and Methods.- 6.1.1 Animal Care.- 6.1.2 Clinical Grading.- 6.1.3 Sensitization Procedure.- 6.1.4 Sampling of Animals.- 6.1.5 Human Material.- 6.2 Factors Modifying the Development of Chronic EAE Models.- 6.2.1 Guinea Pig Strains.- 6.2.2 Antigen Dose.- 6.2.3 Age of the Animals at the Time of Sensitization.- 6.2.4 Inoculation Site.- 6.2.5 Amount of Mycobacterium in the Adjuvant.- 6.2.6 Spinal Cord Subfractions.- 6.2.7 Chronic EAE in Sprague Dawley Rats.- 6.2.8 Conclusions.- 7 References.