ZEISS Microscopes for Microsurgery

1 The technical principle of operation microscopes.- 1.1 Minimum demands on magnifying systems: prism loupes.- 1.2 Additional demands on magnifying systems: operation microscopes.- 1.3 Diagrams illustrating the design principle of Zeiss operation microscopes.- 2 The modules of an operation microscope.- 2.1 Objectives.- 2.1.1 Focal length.- 2.1.2 Working distance.- 2.1.3 Image quality.- a) Distortion.- b) Chromatic aberration.- c) Spherical aberration.- d) Field curvature.- e) Astigmatism.- 2.1.4 Anti-reflection coating.- 2.1.5 Image brightness.- 2.2 Binocular tubes.- 2.2.1 Straight tubes, inclined tubes.- 2.2.2 Focal lengths of binocular tubes.- a) Different overall lengths.- b) Different magnifications.- c) Different field-of-view diameters.- d) Image brightness.- 2.2.3 Interpupillary distance (PD).- a) PD adjustment.- b) PD adjuster.- 2.2.4 Tiltable binocular tube.- 2.3 Eyepieces.- 2.3.1 General functions.- 2.3.2 Individual functions.- a) Microscope magnification and field-of-view diameter.- b) Diopter setting.- c) Correct use of the eyepieces.- d) Frequent mistakes in the use of operation microscopes.- 2.3.3 Micrometer eyepieces.- a) Micrometer disks for measurement.- b) Micrometer disks as focusing aids.- 2.4 Magnification changers.- 2.4.1 Galilean step magnification changer.- a) 5-stage magnification changer.- b) 3-stage magnification changer.- 2.4.2 Zoom magnification changers.- a) Zoom system 1:5.- b) Zoom system 1:4.- 2.4.3 Parameters relating to a microscope with magnification changer.- a) Total magnification of a complete operation microscope.- b) Field-of-view diameter of the complete operation microscope.- c) Depth of focus of the complete operation microscope.- 3 Illumination systems for operation microscopes.- 3.1 Light sources.- 3.1.1 Incandescent lamps.- a) 6 V 30 W incandescent lamp.- b) 6 V 50 W incandescent lamp.- c) 6 V 25 W incandescent lamp.- 3.1.2 Halogen lamps.- a) V 100 W halogen lamp.- b) Power supply of the 12 V 100 W halogen lamp.- 3.2 Light-transfer systems.- 3.2.1 Integral illumination systems.- a) Illumination beam paths of Opmi 1, 6, and 9.- b) Illumination beam paths of Opmi 1 H and 6 H.- c) Special illuminators for ophthalmic microsurgery.- 3.2.2 Fiber optics systems.- 3.3 Types of illumination.- 3.3.1 Coaxial illumination.- a) Principle.- b) Angle separating illumination and observation.- c) Narrow body cavities.- d) Object-side limitation of observation beam paths.- e) Operation microscopes with coaxial illumination.- 3.3.2 Oblique illumination on the microscope.- a) Fiber optics illumination.- b) Focusable illuminator.- c) Electronic flash unit.- 3.3.3 Separate oblique illuminator.- a) Homogeneous illuminator.- b) Slit illuminator.- c) 30° motorized slit lamp.- d) Twin lamp.- e) Operating lamps.- 3.4 Filters in the illumination beam path.- 3.4.1 Heat filters.- a) Reflection-type heat filters.- b) Absorption-type heat filters.- 3.4.2 Color filters.- a) Green filters.- b) Blue filters.- c) Insertion of filters in the beam path.- 3.5 Comparison of different illumination systems.- 4 Couplings.- 4.1 Basic equipment for different microsurgical disciplines.- 4.1.1 Hand surgery.- a) Opmi 2 operation microscope.- b) Opmi 7 D operation microscope.- 4.1.2 Neurosurgery.- a) Standard coupling.- b) Inclined coupling.- c) Mobile coupling.- 4.1.3 Ophthalmic microsurgery.- 4.1.3.1 Equipment for microsurgery of the anterior segments of the eye.- a) Straight coupling.- b) Tilt coupling.- c) x-y coupling.- 4.1.3.2 Equipment for microsurgery of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.- 4.1.4 Otorhinolaryngology.- a) Operation microscopes Opmi 1, 6, and 6S.- b) Operation microscopes Opmi 1 H and 6 H.- c) Operation microscopes Opmi 9 and 9 F.- 4.1.5 Vascular and plastic surgery, and surgery of peripheral nerves.- a) Operation microscopes Opmi 1, 1 F, and 1 H.- b) Operation microscopes Opmi 6, 6 S, 6 F, and 6 H.- c) Operation microscopes Opmi 7 D and 8 D.- 4.2 Frequently used couplings.- 5 Stands.- 5.1 Floor stands.- 5.1.1 88 m stands.- a) Standard I.- b) Standard II.- c) Universal.- 5.1.2 1 m stand for colposcopes.- 5.1.3 Motor stands.- a) Motor stand without continuous mechanical heigh adjustment..- b) Motor stand with mechanical height adjustment.- 5.1.4 Mobile floor stand for neurosurgery.- 5.1.5 Ear, nose, throat (ENT) stand.- 5.2 Ceiling mounts.- 5.2.1 Electro-hydraulic and electro-mechanical ceiling mounts.- 5.2.2 Mobile ceiling mount for neurosurgery.- 5.2.3 Mobile ENT ceiling mount.- 5.3 Diagnosis microscope on wall mount.- 5.4 Diagnosis microscope for ENT diagnostic unit.- 5.5 Colposcope swivel arm.- 5.6 Table stand.- 6 Supplements and accessories.- 6.1. Beamsplitters.- 6.1.1 Beamsplitter.- 6.1.2 Stereo beam splitter.- 6.2 Assistant's microscope.- 6.2.1 Assistant's microscope on double microscopes.- 6.2.2 Assistant's microscope on the main microscope.- a) Assistant's microscope 27°.- b) Assistant's microscope 16°.- c) Assistant's microscope 8°.- 6.3 Co-observation equipment.- 6.3.1 Monocular co-observation systems.- a) Short co-observation tube.- b) Long co-observation tube.- 6.3.2 Stereo co-observation tube.- 7 Asepsis and methods of sterilization.- 7.1 Sterility of operation microscopes.- 7.1.1 Instrument and accessories draped in sterile cloths for asepsis.- 7.1.2 Complete sterilization of the operation microscope.- 7.1.3 Microscope partially draped for asepsis.- 7.1.4 Electrical controls.- 7.2 Sterilizable sleeves and caps.- 7.3 Methods of sterilization.- 8 Documentation equipment.- 8.1 Still photography.- 8.1.1 Illumination equipment.- 8.1.2 Photo adapters.- a) Photo adapter.- b) Automatic photo adapter.- c) Twin adapter.- 8.1.3 35 mm camera.- 8.1.4 Photography.- a) Equipment of the operation microscope.- b) Settings of the photographic system.- c) Settings of the microscope.- 8.1.5 Film material.- 8.1.6 Frequently used formulae.- a) Magnification referred to the film plane.- b) Dimensions of the object field.- 8.2 Cine photography.- 8.2.1 Illumination systems.- 8.2.2 Cine adapter and cine cameras.- 8.2.3 Film material.- 8.2.4 Practical cine photography.- a) Equipment of the operation microscope.- b) Settings on the cine equipment.- c) Settings on the microscope.- 9 Maintenance of the operation microscope.- 10 Formulae.- 10.1 Optical properties of operation microscopes.- 10.1.1 Magnification.- 10.1.2 Object fields.- 10.1.3 Numerical aperture.- 10.1.4 Graphic representation of the most important data (nomogram N 1)..- 10.2 Detector properties.- 10.2.1 Observation.- 10.2.2 Documentation.- 10.3 Terms of the diffraction theory.- 10.3.1 Airy disk.- 10.3.2 Limit of resolution.- 10.3.3 Axial extension of the diffraction pattern.- 10.4 Useful magnification.- 10.5 Useful f/number.- 10.6 Depth of focus.- 10.6.1 Visual observation.- 10.6.2 Documentation.- 10.7 Illumination intensity in the film plane.- 10.7.1 Coaxial illumination.- 10.7.2 Oblique illumination.- 10.8 Stereopsis.- Literature.