Principles of Knowledge Auditing

Introduction 1
I Recovering Our Past
1 Seeking to Understand Knowledge in Organizations 15
2 The History of Knowledge Audits 23
II Speaking Clearly about Audits
3 What is an Audit? A Definitional Approach 31
4 What Kind of Audit Is a Knowledge Audit? A Naturalistic Approach 43
5 What Are We Auditing? 63
III Drivers and Motivations
6 What Stimulated the Emergence of Knowledge-Related Audits? 77
7 Beginnings and Improvisations: Discovery Review, Inventory, and Participative Goal-Setting Audits 101
8 Authority Envy: Assessment Audits and Standards in Communication and Information Audits 127
9 The Battle for Standards in Knowledge Management 145
IV Speaking Clearly about Knowledge
10 Risky Metaphors 185
11 The Syllepsis Trap: When Choice of Language Becomes Problematic 191
12 The Language of Value: Assets and Capital 203
13 The Language of Value: Resources 227
14 Ascribing Value to Knowledge and the Implications for Influence and Control 245
15 The Inventory Audit: Auditing Knowledge Stocks 253
16 Unhelpful Dualisms: The Personal-Collective Dualism 261
17 Unhelpful Dualisms: The Tacit-Explicit Dualism 283
18 Typologies of Personal Knowledge 293
19 Typologies of Organizational Knowledge 301
20 Toward Integration: Typologies of Functional Knowledge 331
21 Conclusion: Possibilities 347
References 355
Index 393