Essentials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Uniqueness of the Nanoscale 3 1.3 Nanoscience in Nature 4 1.4 Historical Perspective 10 1.5 Nanomaterials 13 1.6 Strategies for Synthesis of Nanomaterials 18 1.7 Properties of Nanomaterials 18 1.8 Significance of Nanoscience 19 1.9 Commercial Applications 20 1.10 Potential Health Hazards and Environmental Risks 24 1.11 Futuristic Outlook 25 Review Questions 26 References 27 2 Nanomaterials: General Synthetic Approaches 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Top-Down Approach 30 2.3 Bottom-Up Approaches 49 Review Questions 73 References 74 3 Characterization Tools for Nanomaterials 77 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Imaging Through Electron Microscopy 79 3.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 97 3.4 Characterization Through Spectroscopy 107 3.5 Scattering Techniques 133 Review Questions 145 References 146 4 Nanomaterials 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 150 4.3 Organic Nanomaterials 161 4.4 Biological Nanomaterials 166 4.5 Nanoporous Materials 170 4.6 Quantum Dots 173 4.7 Nanoclusters 175 4.8 Nanomaterials in Different Configurations 178 Review Questions 185 References 186 5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 189 5.1 General Introduction 189 5.2 Fullerene 192 5.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 196 5.4 Graphene 208 5.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 222 5.6 Carbon Nanofibers 224 5.7 Carbon Black 225 5.8 Nanodiamond 227 Review Questions 233 References 234 6 Self-Assembled and Supramolecular Nanomaterials 237 6.1 Introduction: Self-Assembly 237 6.1.1 Supramolecular Chemistry 238 6.2 Historical Perspective of Supramolecular and Self-Assembled Structures 239 6.3 Fundamental Aspects of Supramolecular Chemistry 240 6.4 Self-Assembly Via Non-Covalent Interaction 244 6.5 Synthetic Strategies for Molecular Self-Assembly 252 6.6 Biological Self-Assembly 255 6.7 Templated (Non-Molecular) Self-Assembly 256 6.8 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanostructures 260 6.9 Self-Folding Nanostructures 263 6.10 Applications 264 Review Questions 267 References 268 7 Nanocomposites 271 7.1 Introduction 271 7.2 Ceramic-Matrix Nanocomposites 279 7.3 Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites 284 7.4 Polymer-Matrix Nanocomposites 289 7.5 Nanocoatings 313 Review Questions 322 References 323 8 Unique Properties 326 8.1 Introduction 326 8.2 Size Effects 327 8.3 Physical Properties 334 8.4 Chemical Properties at Nanoscale 353 8.5 The Concept of Pseudo-Atoms 356 Review Questions 356 References 358 9 Applications of Nanotechnology 361 9.1 Introduction 361 9.2 Medicine and Healthcare 363 9.3 Drug Development and Drug Delivery System 368 9.4 Information and Computer Technologies 374 9.5 Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) 380 9.6 Nanotechnologies in Tags 381 9.7 Nanotechnology for Environmental Issues 382 9.8 Energy 385 9.9 Nanotechnology in Enhancing the Fuel Efficiency 401 9.10 Chemical and Biosensors Using Nanomaterials (NMs) 401 9.11 Nanotechnology in Agro Forestry 403 9.12 Defense Applications 404 9.13 Nanotechnology in Space 408 9.14 Consumer Goods 409 9.15 Sport Goods 413 Review Questions 416 References 417 10 Toxicity and Environmental Issues 419 10.1 Introduction 419 10.2 Sources of Nanoparticles and Their Health Effects 422 10.3 Toxicology of Engineered Nanoparticles 431 10.4 Positive Health Effects of Nanoparticles 445 10.5 Environmental Sustainability 445 10.6 Safe Working with Nanomaterials 447 10.7 Nanomaterial Waste Management 449 10.8 Gaps in Knowledge about Health Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles 451 10.9 Government Standards and Materials Safety Data Sheets 452 10.10 Risk Management 455 Review Questions 458 References 458 Index 463