Artificial Intelligence for Energy Management
Description
To achieve a clean and sustainable energy future, renewable energy sources such as solar, hydropower, and wind must develop dependable and effective energy storage technologies. The growing need for intelligent energy storage systems is greater than ever, despite substantial advancements in sophisticated energy storage technology, especially for large-scale energy storage. This book aims to provide the most recent developments in the integration of artificial intelligence for energy storage and management systems by introducing energy systems, power generation, and power needs to reduce expenses associated with generation, power loss, and environmental impacts. It explores state-of-the-art methods and solutions, such as intelligent wind and solar energy systems, founded on current technology, offering a strong foundation to satisfy the requirements of both developed and developing nations. An extensive overview of the many kinds of storage options is included. Additionally, it examines how utilizing diverse storage types can enhance the administration of a power supply system while also considering the more significant opportunities that result from integrating multiple storage devices into a system. Artificial Intelligence for Energy Management is a collection of expert contributions encompassing new techniques, methods, algorithms, practical solutions, and models for renewable energy storage based on artificial intelligence.
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Persons
V. Indragandhi, PhD is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology with more than 12 years of research and teaching experience. She has authored more than 100 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals and filed three patents. Her research focuses on power electronics and renewable energy systems.
R. Selvamathi, PhD is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at AMC Engineering College with more than 18 years of teaching experience. She has published more than 15 research articles in international journals of repute. Her research interests include power electronics and renewable energy systems.
P. Balakumar, PhD is an assistant professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology's Chennai Campus. He has authored articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals with high impact factors. His research interests include dynamic analysis of AC/DC power systems, designing power converters for EV applications, enhancing power quality, and demand side management for smart grid systems using AI approaches.
Content
Preface xvii
1 Introduction to Next-Generation Energy Management and Need for AI Solutions 1
D. Gunapriya, P. Vinoth Kumar, G. Banu, S. Revathy, S. Giriprasad and N. Pushpalatha
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Challenges in Traditional Energy Management 3
1.1.2 Emergence of Next-Generation Energy Management 3
1.2 Application of AI in Energy Management Revolution 5
1.3 AI in Energy Sector 6
1.3.1 AI in Energy Optimization 6
1.3.2 Data Analytics and Predictive Maintenance 6
1.3.3 Intelligent Energy Storage and Demand Response 6
1.4 Role of AI in Energy Efficiency Improvement 7
1.4.1 Smart Building Management and Automation 7
1.4.2 AI-Driven Energy Analysis and Optimization 7
1.5 Role of AI in Demand Forecasting and Load Balancing 7
1.5.1 AI-Based Effective Forecasting of Energy Balancing 8
1.5.2 AI-Based Load Balancing 8
1.6 Enhanced Sustainability and Reduced Carbon Footprint 8
1.7 AI-Based Grid Stability Enhancement 8
1.7.1 AI-Driven Grid Monitoring and Control 8
1.7.2 AI-Based Intelligent Fault Detection 9
1.8 Predictive Maintenance and Asset Management 9
1.8.1 Role of AI in Predictive Maintenance 9
1.8.2 Optimizing Asset Management with AI 9
1.9 AI-Powered Energy Trading and Price Optimization 9
1.9.1 Revolutionizing Energy Trading with AI 9
1.9.2 Price Optimization Using AI for Energy Management 10
1.10 Ethical Considerations in AI-Powered Energy Management 10
1.10.1 Enhancing Energy Efficiency 10
1.10.2 Mitigating Environmental Impact 11
1.10.3 Empowering Consumers 11
1.10.4 Data Privacy and Security Concerns 11
1.10.5 Economic Implications 12
1.10.6 Ethical Considerations 12
1.10.7 Workforce Disruption and Reskilling 13
1.11 Challenges in Incorporating AI in EMS 13
1.12 Case Studies on Implementing AI for Future Energy Management 18
1.12.1 Case Study 1: Smart Grid Implementation in User's Utility Company 18
1.12.2 Case Study 2: AI-Driven Energy Management in User's Manufacturing Facility 19
1.12.3 Case Study 3: AI-Powered Demand Response Program in a Smart City 20
1.13 Future Research Directions 21
1.13.1 Track for Future Trends and Innovation 21
1.13.2 The Importance of Cooperation and Financial Contribution to AI Research and Development 21
1.13.3 Contribution of AI in Achieving Energy Transient Objective 22
1.13.4 Developments in Energy Management and AI 22
1.13.5 Rules and Guidelines for AI in Energy Management 22
1.13.6 Decision-Making Transparency and Accountability 22
1.13.7 AI's Potential to Revolutionize the Power Sector 23
1.14 Conclusion 23
References 23
2 Overview of Innovative Next Generation Energy Storage Technologies 27
D. Magdalin Mary, G. Sophia Jasmine, V. Vanitha, C. Kumar and T. Dharma Raj
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Energy Storage Techniques 29
2.3 Mechanical Energy Storage System 35
2.4 Electrochemical Storage System 35
2.5 Thermal Storage System 36
2.6 Electrical Energy Storage System 37
2.7 Hydrogen Storage System (Power-to-Gas) 37
References 37
3 Battery Energy Storage Systems with AI 39
Ashadevi S. and Latha R.
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 System for Managing Batteries 41
3.2.1 State Estimation 44
3.2.1.1 State of Charge 44
3.3 Demand Response Strategies 52
3.4 Battery Energy Storage System 53
3.5 Technical Overview of Battery Energy Storage System 54
3.5.1 WSN in Battery Energy Storage 54
3.5.2 IoT in Battery Energy Storage 56
3.5.3 Cloud Computing in Battery Energy Storage 56
3.5.4 Big Data in Battery Energy Storage 57
3.5.5 Artificial and Machine Learning Approaches in Battery Energy Storage 58
3.5.6 Taxonomy of Cyber Security in Energy Storage Systems 60
3.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 60
References 61
4 AI-Powered Strategies for Optimal Battery Health and Environmental Resilience for Sodium Ion Batteries 65
Sujith M., Pardeshi D.B., Krushna Lad, Pratiksha Ahire and Karun Pagetra
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Cathode Material 68
4.2.1 Sodium Iron Phosphate 68
4.3 Anode Material 71
4.3.1 Sodium Titanate (Na2Ti3O7) 71
4.4 Electrolyte 73
4.4.1 NaSICON (Sodium Super Ionic Conductor) 73
4.5 State of Discharge (SOD) 75
4.6 State of Health (SOH) 76
4.7 BMS Algorithm with AI for SOH 77
4.8 Conclusion 79
References 80
5 Design and Development of an Adaptive Battery Management System for E-Vehicles 83
Saravanan Palaniswamy, Anbuselvi Mathivanan, A. Siyan Ananth and Sonu R.
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Related Works 85
5.3 Simulation Design 87
5.4 System Design 89
5.5 Implementation 95
5.6 Experimental Results 96
5.7 Conclusion 98
Bibliography 98
6 Remaining Useful Life (RUL) Prediction for EV Batteries 101
Anbuselvi Mathivanan, Saravanan Palaniswamy and M. Arul Mozhi
6.1 Introduction 102
6.1.1 General Consensus 102
6.1.2 Understanding Battery Metrics 103
6.1.2.1 State of Current (SoC) 103
6.1.2.2 State of Health (SoH) 104
6.1.2.3 Rul 104
6.1.3 Objective of the Study 105
6.2 Related Works 105
6.3 Proposed Model 106
6.3.1 Dataset 107
6.3.2 SoC 108
6.3.2.1 Estimation Methods of SoC 109
6.3.2.2 EKF Architecture 110
6.3.2.3 EKF Implementation 111
6.3.3 SoH 112
6.3.3.1 Estimation of SoH 112
6.3.3.2 Lstm 113
6.4 Hardware Implementation 115
6.4.1 Raspberry Pi 4 115
6.4.2 Arduino Uno 116
6.4.3 Current Sensor 116
6.4.4 DHT11 Sensor 118
6.4.5 Voltage Sensor 119
6.5 Outcomes and Analysis 120
6.5.1 Estimation of SoC 120
6.5.2 Analysis of SoH Estimation 121
6.5.3 Prediction of RUL 122
6.5.4 Hardware 123
6.6 Conclusion 124
References 125
7 Analysis of Si, SiC, and GaN MOSFETs for Electric Vehicle Power Electronics System 129
K. Praharshitha, Varun S., Rithick Sarathi M.B. and V. Indragandhi
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 Literature Survey 130
7.3 Technical Specification 132
7.4 Methodology 133
7.5 Project Demonstration 133
7.6 Results 135
Acknowledgement 138
References 138
8 An Efficient Control Strategy for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles Using Optimized Deep Learning Techniques 141
V. Vanitha, G. Sophia Jasmine and D. Magdalin Mary
8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Approaches in Charging Optimization 144
8.3 System Model 145
8.4 Proposed Methodology 146
8.4.1 Process of Proposed C-CObTMPC 147
8.4.2 Optimization with TMPC Model 149
8.4.3 Construction of Powertrain Architecture 150
8.4.4 Optimum Control Strategies 152
8.5 Results and Discussion 153
8.5.1 Stability Verification 154
8.5.2 Performance Analysis 154
8.5.2.1 Torque Analysis 155
8.5.2.2 Operating Time 158
8.5.2.3 Fuel Consumption 159
8.5.2.4 Cost Objective Function 160
8.5.3 Discussion 161
8.6 Conclusion 162
References 162
9 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods for Energy Management Systems 165
V. Manimegalai, P. Ravi Raaghav, V. Mohanapriya, T.R. Vashishsdh and S. Palaniappan
9.1 Introduction 166
9.2 Building Energy Management System 167
9.2.1 Roles of Deep Learning and Machine Learning 169
9.2.2 Future Scope 171
9.3 Grid Optimization 173
9.3.1 Role of ML and DL in Grid Optimization 174
9.3.2 Future Scope 183
9.3.3 Conclusion 184
9.4 Intelligent Energy Storage 184
9.4.1 Overview of Energy Storage Technologies 185
9.4.2 Roles of Machine Learning and Deep Learning 187
9.4.3 Energy Storage Optimization 190
9.4.4 Predictive Maintenance 192
9.4.5 Grid Optimization and Demand Response 194
9.4.6 Current Research 197
9.5 Roles of ml and dl 199
9.5.1 Energy Demand Forecasting 200
9.5.2 Future Scope 201
9.6 The Roles of Traditional Methods in Energy Management System 204
9.6.1 The Roles of DL And ML in Energy Management System 206
9.6.2 Future Scopes 208
9.7 Conclusion 209
References 210
10 Ensuring Grid-Connected Stability for Single-Stage PV System Using Active Compensation for Reduced DC-Link Capacitance 213
Deepika Amudala and P. Buchibabu
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Modeling of Grid-Tied PV 215
10.3 MATLAB Simulation Design and Results 216
10.3.1 Simulations Results 217
10.4 Comparison of THD (Total Hormonic Distortion) Values Between PI and ANN 222
10.5 Conclusion 223
References 223
11 Optimizing Microgrid Scheduling with Renewables and Demand Response through the Enhanced Crayfish Optimization Algorithm 225
Karthik Nagarajan, Arul Rajagopalan and Priyadarshini Ramasubramanian
11.1 Introduction 226
11.2 Problem Formulation 227
11.2.1 Connected Microgrid Network 228
11.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of Demand Response 230
11.2.2.1 Cost Function for Customers 231
11.2.3 Model of Demand Response Integrated within a Grid-Connected Microgrid 233
11.3 Enhanced Crayfish Optimization Algorithm 234
11.4 Fuzzy Logic-Based Selection of Optimal Compromise Solution 239
11.5 Results and Discussion 240
11.6 Conclusion 244
References 244
12 Relative Investigation of Swarm Optimized Load Frequency Controller 247
Sheema B. S. P., Peer Fathima A. and Stella Morris
12.1 Introduction 248
12.1.1 Literature Review 249
12.1.2 Contribution 250
12.2 Methodology 250
12.2.1 Modeling of Two-Area Thermal Power Network 250
12.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 253
12.2.3 PSO-PID Controller Design 254
12.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 257
12.4 Conclusion 261
References 261
13 Economic Aspects and Life Cycle Assessment in Energy Storage Systems 263
Pandiyan P., Senthil Kumar R., Saravanan S. and P. Balakumar
13.1 Introduction 264
13.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 265
13.2.1 Mechanical Storage 266
13.2.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage 266
13.2.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 267
13.2.1.3 Flywheel Energy Storage (FWES) 267
13.2.2 Electrochemical Storage 267
13.2.2.1 Lead-Acid (LA) Batteries 268
13.2.2.2 Sodium-Sulphur (NaS) Batteries 268
13.2.2.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 268
13.2.2.4 Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries 269
13.2.2.5 Zinc-Bromine (ZnBr) Batteries 269
13.2.2.6 Vanadium Redox (VR) Batteries 270
13.2.3 Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage (HES) 270
13.2.4 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) 270
13.2.5 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) 271
13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Energy Storage Systems 271
13.3.1 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) 273
13.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment Framework 274
13.3.3 Life Cycle Inventory of the LRES and VRES 275
13.3.4 Impacts on Human Toxicity 276
13.3.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 276
13.4 AI in Economic Optimization and Life Cycle Management (LCA) 277
13.4.1 ANN Based Optimization 278
13.4.2 Optimization Algorithm 279
13.4.3 AI and Machine Learning in LCA 280
13.4.4 Collection of Data and Preprocessing 281
13.4.5 Development of AI/ML Models for LCA 282
13.4.6 Predictive Analysis and Optimization 283
13.5 Challenges and Future Directions 284
13.5.1 Battery Degradation 284
13.5.2 SOC Impact on Energy Storage Systems 284
13.5.3 Economies of Scale 284
13.5.4 Consistency in Cost Estimation 285
13.5.5 Need for Uncertainty Analysis 285
13.5.6 Emerging Energy Storage Technology LCA 285
13.6 Conclusion 286
References 286
14 Energy Monitoring System Using Arduino and Blynk: Design and Simulation 291
Pilla Krishna Satwik, Samartha and Sritama Roy
14.1 Introduction 291
14.2 Motivations 293
14.3 System Architecture 295
14.3.1 Overall System Overview 295
14.3.2 Hardware Components 295
14.3.3 Software Components 295
14.3.4 Communication Protocols 296
14.4 Design and Implementation 297
14.4.1 Sensor Interface and Data Acquisition 297
14.4.2 Arduino Microcontroller Programming 298
14.4.3 Blynk Mobile Application 300
14.4.4 VSPE Configuration 301
14.5 Experimental Evaluation 302
14.6 Conclusion 304
References 305
15 Smart Home Energy Management System 307
A. R. Kalaiarasi, T. Deepa and S. Angalaeswari
15.1 Introduction 307
15.2 Arduino UNO 310
15.2.1 Power Supply 310
15.2.2 Transmitter and Receiver 310
15.3 Bluetooth Module 310
15.4 Relay Module 311
15.5 Android Application 312
15.6 Software 313
15.7 Flow Diagram 313
15.8 Hardware Implementation 314
15.9 Results and Discussion 315
15.10 Conclusion 317
References 317
16 A Study to Analyze the Vulnerabilities and Threats Faced by the Power Sector 319
A. R. Kalaiarasi and Aishwarya G. P.
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Analyzing the Risk Index of Threats with Case Study 321
16.2.1 Natural Threats and Impacts 321
16.2.2 Technical Threats and Impact 323
16.2.3 Human Threats and Impacts 325
16.3 Cyber Vulnerabilities of Power System Case Study 326
16.3.1 Architecture of a SCADA System 328
16.3.2 Cyber-Attack Scenarios on SCADA System 329
16.3.2.1 Attacking the Substation 329
16.3.2.2 Malicious Codes 329
16.3.2.3 Accessing RTU by Breaking Protocol 329
16.3.2.4 Attacking the Corruption LAN and Gaining Access to the Substation 330
16.3.3 Methods to Promote Cyber Security 330
16.3.4 Proposed Solution for Threats or Vulnerabilities 331
16.4 Conclusion 332
References 332
17 Integrated Hybrid Energy Management to Reduce Standby Mode Power Consumption 335
N. Amuthan, N. Sivakumar and B. Gopal Samy
17.1 Introduction 336
17.2 Standby Power Regulations and Standards 338
17.2.1 International Efficiency Standards 338
17.2.2 Governmental Regulations on Standby Power 339
17.2.3 Compliance and Enforcement Mechanisms 339
17.3 Theoretical Framework for Standby Power Reduction 340
17.3.1 Principles of Power Conversion Efficiency 340
17.3.2 Theoretical Models for Standby Power Consumption 341
17.3.3 Predictive Analysis for Standby Power Reduction 341
17.4 Energy Harvesting and Standby Power 342
17.4.1 Utilizing Ambient Energy Sources 342
17.4.2 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems 342
17.4.3 Energy Storage and Standby Power Reduction 343
17.5 Power Factor Correction (PFC) and Standby Power 344
17.5.1 Basics of Power Factor and Its Importance 344
17.5.2 PFC Techniques for Reducing Standby Power 344
17.5.3 Impact of PFC on Overall Energy Consumption 345
17.6 Zero Standby Power Solutions 345
17.6.1 Concept and Feasibility of Zero Standby Power 346
17.6.2 Design Challenges for Zero Standby Power Converters 346
17.6.3 Case Studies of Zero Standby Power Applications 347
17.7 Control Strategies for Power Converters 347
17.7.1 Analog vs. Digital Control Methods 348
17.7.2 Predictive Control for Standby Power Reduction 348
17.7.3 Feedback Mechanisms and Efficiency 349
17.8 Software Approaches to Standby Power Reduction 350
17.8.1 Firmware Optimization for Power Converters 350
17.8.2 Algorithmic Solutions for Standby Power Management 351
17.8.3 Software-Based Monitoring and Control Systems 351
17.9 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Standby Power 351
17.9.1 EMI in Power Converters 352
17.9.2 EMI Reduction Techniques and Standby Power 352
17.9.3 Standards and Regulations for EMI in Power Converters 353
17.10 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Standby Power Reduction 353
17.10.1 Initial Costs vs. Long-Term Savings 354
17.10.2 Payback Periods for Energy-Efficient Converters 354
17.10.3 Incentives and Rebates for Adopting Efficient Technologies 355
17.11 Consumer Electronics and Standby Power 355
17.11.1 Prevalence of Standby Power in Consumer Devices 355
17.11.2 Strategies for Consumer Awareness and Behavior Change 356
17.11.3 Industry Initiatives for Reducing Standby Power in Electronics 356
17.12 Integration of IoT Devices with Power Converters 357
17.12.1 IoT for Intelligent Power Management 357
17.12.2 Data Analytics for Standby Power Optimization 358
17.12.3 Security Concerns with IoT-Enabled Power Converters 358
17.13 Policy Implications and Advocacy for Standby Power Reduction 358
17.13.1 Role of Policymakers in Standby Power Reduction 359
17.13.2 Advocacy Groups and their Impact 359
17.13.3 Future Directions for Legislation and Standards 360
17.14 Educational Initiatives for Standby Power Awareness 360
17.14.1 Curriculum Development for Energy Efficiency 361
17.14.2 Public Outreach and Awareness Campaigns 361
17.14.3 Professional Development and Training Programs 362
17.15 Conclusion 362
17.15.1 Summary of Novel Methods for Reducing Standby Power 362
17.15.2 Implications for Future Research and Development 363
17.15.3 Final Thoughts on the Importance of Standby Power Reduction 363
References 364
18 Enhanced Reliability of Electrical Power Transmission in IEEE 24 DC Bus System Using Hybrid Optimization 371
Shereena Gaffoor and Mariamma Chacko
18.1 Introduction 372
18.2 Hybrid Optimization Model Combining GWO and GA 374
18.3 System Description and Model Implementation 375
18.4 Reliability Factors Considered 377
18.4.1 Implications for Future Research in Power System Reliability 381
18.5 Conclusion 382
References 382
19 Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Power System Inertia 385
M. Chethan, Ravi Kuppan, M. Dharani and M. Kalpana
19.1 Introduction 386
19.2 VSG: Integration, Modeling, and Controller Structure 389
19.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 392
19.4 Conclusion 395
References 396
20 Empowering India Toward Sustainability: An In-Depth Review of Wind Energy Utilization 399
Shibin Shaji John, Heyrin Ann Sony, Ahan Vincent Michael and Sitharthan Ramachandran
20.1 Introduction 400
20.2 Global Status of Wind Energy 401
20.3 Wind Energy Potential in India 404
20.4 Wind Energy Production Capacity in India 405
20.4.1 Wind Energy Status in India 406
20.4.2 Sustained Growth in India's Wind Energy Market 409
20.5 Indian Wind Energy Policy for Promoting Installation 411
20.6 Conclusion 412
References 412
About the Editors 415
Index 417