The Physical Universe

1 The Scientific Method How Scientists Study Nature 1.1 The Scientific Method 1.2 Why Science Is Successful The Solar System 1.3 A Survey of the Sky 1.4 The Ptolemaic System 1.5 The Copernican System 1.6 Kepler's Laws 1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right Universal Gravitation 1.8 What Is Gravity? 1.9 Why the Earth Is Round 1.10 The Tides 1.11 The Discovery of Neptune How Many of What 1.12 The SI System 2 Motion Describing Motion 2.1 Speed 2.2 Vectors 2.3 Acceleration 2.4 Distance, Time, and Acceleration Acceleration of Gravity 2.5 Free Fall 2.6 Air Resistance Force and Motion 2.7 First law of Motion 2.8 Mass 2.9 Second law of Motion 2.10 Mass and Weight 2.11 Third law of Motion Gravitation 2.12 Circular Motion 2.13 Newton's Law of Gravity 2.14 Artificial Satellites 3 Energy Work 3.1 The Meaning of Work 3.2 Power Energy 3.3 Kinetic Energy 3.4 Potential Energy 3.5 Energy Transformations 3.6 Conservation of Energy 3.7 The Nature of Heat Momentum 3.8 Linear Momentum 3.9 Rockets 3.10 Angular Momentum Relativity 3.11 Special Relativity 3.12 Rest Energy 3.13 General Relativity Energy and Civilization 3.14 The Energy Problem 3.15 The Future 4 Energy and the Future The Energy Problem 4.1 Population and Prosperity 4.2 Energy Consumption 4.3 Global Warming 4.4 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect Fossil Fuels 4.5 Liquid Fuels 4.6 Natural Gas 4.7 Coal Alternative Sources 4.8 A Nuclear World? 4.9 Clean Energy I 4.10 Clean Energy II 4.11 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 4.12 Biofuels Strategies for the Future 4.13 Conservation 4.14 What Governments Must Do 5 Matter and Heat Temperature and Heat 5.1 Temperature 5.2 Heat 5.3 Metabolic Energy Fluids 5.4 Density 5.5 Pressure 5.6 Buoyancy 5.7 Gas Laws Kinetic Theory of Matter 5.8 Kinetic Theory of Gases 5.9 Molecular Motion and Temperature Changes of State 5.10 Liquids and Solids 5.11 Evaporation and Boiling 5.12 Melting Energy Transformations 5.13 Heat Engines 5.14 Thermodynamics 5.15 Fate of the Universe 5.16 Entropy 6 Electricity and Magnetism Electric Charge 6.1 Positive and Negative Charge 6.2 What Is Charge? 6.3 Coulomb's Law 6.4 Force on an Uncharged Object Electricity and Matter 6.5 Matter in Bulk 6.6 Conductors and Insulators 6.7 Superconductivity Electric Current 6.8 The Ampere 6.9 Potential Difference 6.10 Ohm's Law 6.11 Electric Power Magnetism 6.12 Magnets 6.13 Magnetic Field 6.14 Oersted's Experiment 6.15 Electromagnets Using Magnetism 6.16 Magnetic Force on a Current 6.17 Electric Motors 6.18 Electromagnetic Induction 6.19 Transformers 7 Waves Wave Motion 7.1 Water Waves 7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 7.3 Describing Waves 7.4 Standing Waves Sound Waves 7.5 Sound 7.6 Doppler Effect 7.7 Musical Sounds Electromagnetic Waves 7.8 Electromagnetic Waves 7.9 Types of EM Waves 7.10 Light "Rays" Wave Behavior 7.11 Reflection 7.12 Refraction 7.13 Lenses 7.14 The Eye 7.15 Color 7.16 Interference 7.17 Diffraction 8 The Nucleus Atom and Nucleus 8.1 Rutherford Model of the Atom 8.2 Nuclear Structure Radioactivity 8.3 Radioactive Decay 8.4 Half-Life 8.5 Radiation Hazards Nuclear Energy 8.6 Units of Mass and Energy 8.7 Binding Energy 8.8 Binding Energy per Nucleon Fission and Fusion 8.9 Nuclear Fission 8.10 How a Reactor Works 8.11 Plutonium 8.12 A Nuclear World? 8.13 Nuclear Fusion Elementary Particles 8.14 Antiparticles 8.15 Fundamental Interactions 8.16 Leptons and Hadrons 9 The Atom Quantum Theory of Light 9.1 Photoelectric Effect 9.2 Photons 9.3 What Is Light? 9.4 X-Rays Matter Waves 9.5 De Broglie 9.6 Waves of What? 9.7 Uncertainty Principle The Hydrogen Atom 9.8 Atomic Spectra 9.9 The Bohr Model 9.10 Electron Waves and Orbitals 9.11 The Laser Quantum Theory of the Atom 9.12 Quantum Mechanics 9.13 Quantum Numbers 9.14 Exclusion Principle 10 The Periodic Law Elements and Compounds 10.1 Chemical Change 10.2 Three Classes of Matter 10.3 The Atomic Theory The Periodic Law 10.4 Metals and Nonmetals 10.5 Chemical Activity 10.6 Families of Elements 10.7 The Periodic Table 10.8 Groups and Periods Atomic Structure 10.9 Shells and Subshells 10.10 Explaining the Periodic Table Chemical Bonds 10.11 Types of Bond 10.12 Covalent Bonding 10.13 Ionic Bonding 10.14 Ionic Compounds 10.15 Atoms Groups 10.16 Naming Compounds 10.17 Chemical Equations 11 Crystals, Ions, and Solutions Solids 11.1 Ionic and Covalent Crystals 11.2 The Metallic Bond 11.3 Molecular Crystals Solutions 11.4 Solubility 11.5 Polar and Nonpolar Liquids 11.6 Ions in Solution 11.7 Evidence for Dissociation 11.8 Water 11.9 Water Pollution Acids and Bases 11.10 Acids 11.11 Strong and Weak Acids 11.12 Bases 11.13 The pH Scale 11.14Salts 12 Chemical Reactions Quantitative Chemistry 12.1 Phlogiston 12.2 Oxygen 12.3 The Mole 12.4 Formula Units Chemical Energy 12.5 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 12.6 Chemical Energy and Stability 12.7 Activation energy Fuels 12.8 Liquid Fuels 12.9 Gas Fuels 12.10 Solid Fuels Reaction Rates 12.11 Temperature 12.12 Other Factors 12.13 Chemical Equilibrium 12.14 Altering an Equilibrium Oxidation and Reduction 12.15 Electrolysis 12.16 Electrochemical cells 13 Organic Chemistry Carbon Compounds 13.1 Carbon Bonds 13.2 Alkanes 13.3 Petroleum Products Structures of Organic Molecules 13.4 Structural Formulas 13.5 Isomers 13.6 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13.7 Benzene Organic Compounds 13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups 13.9 Functional Groups 13.10 Polymers Chemistry of Life 13.11 Carbohydrates 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.13 Lipids 13.14 Proteins 13.15 Soil Nitrogen 13.16 Nucleic Acids 13.17 Origin of Life 14 Atmosphere and Hydrosphere The Atmosphere 14.1 Regions of the Atmosphere 14.2 Atmospheric Moisture 14.3 Clouds Weather 14.4 Atmospheric Energy 14.5 The Seasons 14.6 Winds 14.7 General Circulation of the Atmosphere 14.8 Middle-Latitude Weather Systems Climate 14.9 Tropical Climates 14.10 Middle-Latitude Climates 14.11 Climatic Changes 14.12 Origins of Climatic Change The Hydrosphere 14.13 Ocean Basins 14.14 Ocean Currents 15 The Rock Cycle Rocks 15.1 Composition of the Crust 15.2 Minerals 15.3 Igneous Rocks 15.4 Sedimentary Rocks 15.5 Metamorphic Rocks Within the Earth 15.6 Earthquakes 15.7 Structure of the Earth 15.8 The Earth's Interior 15.9 Geomagnetism Erosion 15.10 Weathering 15.11 Stream Erosion 15.12 Glaciers 15.13 Groundwater 15.14 Sedimentation Vulcanism 15.15 Volcanoes 15.16 Intrusive Rocks 15.17 The Rock Cycles 16 The Evolving Earth Tectonic Movement 16.1 Types of Movement 16.2 Mountain Building 16.3 Continental Drift Plate Tectonics 16.4 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 16.5 The Ocean Floors 16.6 Ocean-Floor Spreading 16.7 Plate Tectonics Methods of Historical Geology 16.8 Principles of Uniform Change 16.9 Rock Formations 16.10 Radiometric Dating 16.11 Fossils 16.12 Geologic Time Earth History 16.13 Precambrian Time 16.14 The Paleozoic Era 16.15 Coal and Petroleum 16.16 The Mesozoic Era 16.17 The Cenozoic Era 16.18 Human History 17 The Solar System The Family of the Sun 17.1 The Solar System 17.2 Comets 17.3 Meteors The Inner Planets 17.4 Mercury 17.5 Venus 17.6 Mars 17.7 Is There Life On Mars? 17.8 Asteroids The Outer Planets 17.9 Jupiter 17.10 Saturn 17.11 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto The Moon 17.12 Phases 17.13 Eclipses 17.14 The Lunar Surface 17.15 Evolution of the Lunar Landscape 17.16 Origin of the Moon 18 The Stars Tools of Astronomy 18.1 The Telescope 18.2 The Spectrometer 18.3 Spectrum Analysis The Sun 18.4 Properties of the Sun 18.5 The Aurora 18.6 Sunspots 18.7 Solar Energy The Stars 18.8 Stellar Distances 18.9 Variable Stars 18.10 Stellar Motions 18.11 Stellar Properties Life Histories of the Stars 18.12 H-R Diagrams 18.13 Stellar Evolution 18.14 Supernovas 18.15 Pulsars 18.16 Black Holes 19 The Universe Galaxies 19.1 The Milky Way 19.2 Stellar Populations 19.3 Radio Astronomy 19.4 Galaxies 19.5 Cosmic Rays The Expanding Universe 19.6 Red Shifts 19.7 Quasars Evolution of the Universe 19.8 Dating the Universe 19.9 After the Big Bang 19.10 Origin of the Solar System Extraterrestrial Life 19.11 Extrasolar Planets 19.12 Interstellar Travel 19.13 Interstellar Communication Math Refresher The Elements Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Glossary