Fires in Silos

INTRODUCTION Problem Description Influence of Material Properties on Fire Chemical Properties of Bulk Goods IGNITION SOURCES Introduction External Ignition Sources Self-Heating Physical Characteristics of Self-Ignition Processes and Smoldering Fire Propagation FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT Introduction Experimental Techniques EXPLOSION RISK AND PROTECTION Essential Conditions for Explosion Occurrence Parameters of Dust Explosion; Definitions Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Agricultural Dusts Explosion Characteristics Propagation of Explosion Dynamics of Explosions in Long Ducts and Galleries Causes of Fires and Fire-Explosion Protection Fire and Explosion Prevention and Protection in the Storage of Agro, Feed and Food Products Explosions Fire FIRE DETECTION Introduction Smoke Detectors Flame Detectors Spark Detectors Heat Detectors Application Examples CASE STUDIES Fire in a Silo for Wood Pellets in Esbjerg, Denmark, 1998-1999 Further Case Studies FIGHTING SILO FIRES Introduction Inert Gases for Silo Fire Fighting Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Fighting a Silo Fire in an Animal Food Production Plant Test Inertization of a Malt Silo NECESSARY FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES FOR SILOS WITH FLAMMABLE SOLID BULK MATERIALS IN CONNCETION WITH INERTING DURING A FIRE Inerting of Silos with Flammable Solid Bulk Materials in Case of Fire Recommendations for Construction, Processing and Operation Measures in Case of Fire PREDICTIVE TOOLS FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF SELF-IGNITION